Table 1.
Selected Demographics, Comorbidities, and Medication Use of the Study Participants
| Selected Demographics | n | GOLD 1–2 | GOLD 3–4 | SC | All Subjects | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total number of participants | 23 | 18 | 11 | 52 | ||
| Sex, % female | 52 | 35% | 56% | 18% | 49% | 0.122 |
| Age | 52 | 63.45 (10.73) | 60.17 (5.01) | 63.73 (11.98) | 62.35 (9.40) | 0.479 |
| Percentage of current smokers | 52 | 30% | 11% | 27% | 23% | 0.273 |
| Pack-years | 49 | 52.36 (42.63) | 51.35 (20.72) | 54.00 (33.80) | 52.34 (33.75) | 0.982 |
| FEV1% predicted | 52 | 76.95 (18.51) | 29.89 (11.11) | 91.27 (15.93) | 63.43 (29.88) | <0.001 |
| FEV1/FVC | 50 | 60.95 (8.02) | 43.47 (14.25) | 78.40 (7.72) | 58.45 (16.50) | <0.001 |
| DlCO% | 34 | 67.29 (23.35) | 42.83 (22.41) | 68.29 (16.77) | 58.61 (24.37) | 0.014 |
| Kco% | 34 | 79.00 (26.27) | 50.08 (33.10) | 87.43 (26.44) | 70.27 (32.23) | 0.016 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension | 52 | 36% | 28% | 42% | 35% | 0.757 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease | 52 | 14% | 6% | 8% | 10% | 0.837 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 52 | 9% | 11% | 25% | 13% | 0.449 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 52 | 18% | 6% | 0% | 10% | 0.272 |
| Lung adenocarcinoma | 52 | 41% | 6% | 50% | 31% | 0.009 |
| Squamous cell lung cancer | 53 | 36% | 0% | 25% | 21% | 0.009 |
| Medications | ||||||
| LABA/LAMA/SABA | 52 | 32% | 100% | 17% | 52% | <0.001 |
| Inhaled corticosteroids | 52 | 18% | 78% | 25% | 40% | <0.001 |
| Statins | 52 | 36% | 17% | 50% | 33% | 0.158 |
| Protonic pump inhibitors | 52 | 27% | 22% | 42% | 29% | 0.542 |
| ACE inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers | 52 | 32% | 17% | 25% | 25% | 0.560 |
| Calcium antagonist | 52 | 23% | 11% | 25% | 19% | 0.607 |
| Diuretics | 52 | 14% | 22% | 17% | 17% | 0.893 |
| Oral corticosteroids | 52 | 5% | 22% | 8% | 12% | 0.248 |
| β blockers | 52 | 5% | 11% | 25% | 12% | 0.208 |
Definition of abbreviations: ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; GOLD = Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease; LABA = long-acting β-agonist; LAMA = long-acting muscarinic antagonist; SABA = short-acting β-agonist; SC = smokers without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
The values are expressed as mean (SD). P values for difference across the three groups represent one-way ANOVA for continuous measures and Fisher’s exact test for categorical measures.