Table 2.
Multivariable associations of material hardship with medication adherence and perceived stress
| Variables | Outcomes |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medication adherence |
Perceived stress |
|||||||||||
| ≥ 95% based on VAS | ≥ 95% based on MPR | Perceived coping | Perceived mental distress | |||||||||
| OR | p | 95% CI | OR | p | 95% CI | β | p | 95% CI | β | p | 95% CI | |
| m = 100 | ||||||||||||
| Key predictor variable | ||||||||||||
| Material hardship | 0.86 | .13 | 0.70, 1.05 | 0.83 | .04 | 0.70, 0.99 | 0.22 | .08 | −0.02, 0.47 | 0.34 | .02 | 0.06, 0.62 |
| Covariates | ||||||||||||
| Age | 0.99 | .80 | 0.91, 1.07 | 1.04 | .27 | 0.97, 1.13 | 0.06 | .34 | −0.06, 0.18 | −0.01 | .83 | -0.14, 0.12 |
| Gender (reference is female) | 0.71 | .61 | 0.19, 2.62 | 1.74 | .38 | 0.51, 5.90 | −0.50 | .58 | −2.32, 1.31 | −0.82 | .44 | −2.92, 1.28 |
| Marital status (reference is not married) | 0.58 | .42 | 0.15, 2.21 | 0.65 | .50 | 0.19, 2.22 | 1.03 | .23 | −0.66, 2.72 | 0.19 | .85 | −1.79, 2.16 |
| Education level (reference is primary education) | 0.64 | .51 | 0.17, 2.43 | 0.47 | .22 | 0.14, 1.56 | −0.28 | .77 | −2.15, 1.59 | −0.70 | .52 | −2.85, 1.44 |
| Head of household status (reference is no head of household) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.22, 4.64 | 0.38 | .20 | 0.09, 1.65 | −0.33 | .76 | −2.44, 1.78 | 0.84 | .47 | −1.46, 3.14 |
| Household size | 0.93 | .49 | 0.75, 1.15 | 0.95 | .44 | 0.81, 1.10 | −0.07 | .58 | −0.30, 0.17 | 0.02 | .89 | −0.30, 0.35 |
| Household financial situation (reference is worse) | 1.13 | .88 | 0.23, 5.60 | 0.54 | .42 | 0.12, 2.43 | −0.31 | .76 | −2.29, 1.67 | −1.73 | .14 | −4.04, 0.57 |
| Transportation asset index | 0.12 | .03 | 0.02, 0.80 | 0.34 | .29 | 0.05, 2.47 | 1.39 | .27 | −1.08, 3.86 | 0.69 | .64 | −2.20, 3.57 |
| Livestock index | 1.16 | .28 | 0.89, 1.50 | 1.04 | .77 | 0.82, 1.30 | −0.05 | .79 | −0.45, 0.35 | 0.11 | .59 | −0.30, 0.52 |
| Debt (reference is no debt) | 0.82 | .74 | 0.26, 2.59 | 0.45 | .20 | 0.13, 1.53 | 0.33 | .71 | −1.45, 2.11 | −0.88 | .30 | −2.58, 0.81 |
| Place of residence (reference is Lundazi) | 0.50 | .29 | 0.14, 1.81 | 0.32 | .11 | 0.08, 1.29 | 3.04 | .01 | 0.69, 5.39 | −3.60 | .00 | −5.82, −1.38 |
| Treatment duration | 1.01 | .68 | 0.98, 1.04 | 0.99 | .26 | 0.96, 1.01 | −0.01 | .77 | −0.06, 0.04 | −0.02 | .28 | −0.07, 0.02 |
| Distance to the nearest health facility | 1.01 | .82 | 0.96, 1.06 | 0.93 | .04 | 0.86, 0.99 | −0.03 | .39 | −0.09, 0.04 | 0.06 | .11 | −0.01, 0.13 |
| Travel time to the nearest health facility | 1.00 | .65 | 0.99, 1.01 | 1.01 | .05 | 1.00, 1.02 | 0.01 | .03 | 0.00, 0.02 | 0.00 | .57 | −0.01, 0.01 |
| Perceived coping | −0.32 | .01 | −0.54, −0.10 | |||||||||
| Perceived mental distress | −0.28 | .01 | −0.51, −0.06 | |||||||||
| m = 50 | ||||||||||||
| Key predictor variable | ||||||||||||
| Material hardship | 0.85 | .11 | 0.70, 1.04 | 0.84 | .04 | 0.70, 0.99 | 0.22 | .08 | −0.02, 0.47 | 0.35 | .02 | 0.07, 0.63 |
| Covariates | ||||||||||||
| Age | 0.99 | .78 | 0.91, 1.07 | 1.04 | .26 | 0.97, 1.13 | 0.06 | .37 | −0.07, 0.18 | −0.02 | .82 | −0.14, 0.11 |
| Gender (reference is female) | 0.74 | .65 | 0.19, 2.79 | 1.75 | .37 | 0.52, 5.89 | −0.54 | .56 | −2.38, 1.31 | −0.82 | .44 | −2.93, 1.28 |
| Marital status (reference is not married) | 0.57 | .41 | 0.15, 2.15 | 0.65 | .48 | 0.19, 2.19 | 1.05 | .22 | −0.66, 2.77 | 0.20 | .84 | −1.77, 2.17 |
| Education level (reference is primary education) | 0.67 | .56 | 0.17, 2.59 | 0.48 | .23 | 0.15, 1.58 | −0.29 | .76 | −2.17, 1.58 | −0.71 | .51 | −2.85, 1.44 |
| Head of household status (reference is no head of household) | 1.01 | .99 | 0.22, 4.63 | 0.38 | .20 | 0.09, 1.65 | −0.29 | .79 | −2.43, 1.85 | 0.85 | .46 | −1.45, 3.16 |
| Household size | 0.92 | .43 | 0.75, 1.13 | 0.94 | .45 | 0.81, 1.10 | −0.06 | .60 | −0.30, 0.17 | 0.03 | .87 | −0.30, 0.35 |
| Household financial situation (reference is worse) | 1.06 | .95 | 0.22, 5.18 | 0.54 | .42 | 0.12, 2.42 | −0.30 | .76 | −2.29, 1.68 | −1.70 | .14 | −4.00, 0.60 |
| Transportation asset index | 0.13 | .04 | 0.02, 0.87 | 0.35 | .30 | 0.05, 2.52 | 1.39 | .27 | −1.08, 3.86 | 0.69 | .63 | −2.18, 3.57 |
| Livestock index | 1.15 | .30 | 0.89, 1.49 | 1.03 | .78 | 0.82, 1.30 | −0.05 | .79 | −0.45, 0.34 | 0.11 | .59 | −0.30, 0.51 |
| Debt (reference is no debt) | 0.83 | .75 | 0.26, 2.63 | 0.46 | .21 | 0.13, 1.56 | 0.32 | .72 | −1.46, 2.10 | −0.89 | .30 | −2.58, 0.81 |
| Place of residence (reference is Lundazi) | 0.54 | .35 | 0.15, 1.98 | 0.33 | .12 | 0.08, 1.31 | 3.05 | .01 | 0.69, 5.41 | −3.62 | .00 | −5.84, −1.40 |
| Treatment duration | 1.01 | .71 | 0.98, 1.03 | 0.99 | .26 | 0.96, 1.01 | −0.01 | .81 | −0.06, 0.04 | −0.02 | .29 | −0.07, 0.02 |
| Distance to the nearest health facility | 1.00 | .85 | 0.96, 1.06 | 0.93 | .04 | 0.86, 0.99 | −0.03 | .38 | −0.09, 0.04 | 0.06 | .11 | −0.01, 0.13 |
| Travel time to the nearest health facility | 1.00 | .68 | 0.99, 1.01 | 1.01 | .05 | 1.00, 1.02 | 0.01 | .03 | 0.00, 0.02 | 0.00 | .57 | −0.01, 0.01 |
| Perceived coping | −0.32 | .01 | −0.54, −0.09 | |||||||||
| Perceived mental distress | −0.28 | .01 | −0.51, −0.06 | |||||||||
β = regression coefficient
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval