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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Exp Mech. 2018 Aug 17;59(9):1261–1274. doi: 10.1007/s11340-018-0424-1

Fig. 5. Two-dimensional (2D) cell stretching device.

Fig. 5

(a) 2D cell stretcher actuated by vacuum pressure. The cells are cultured on thin elastic membrane, and the tension is applied to the cells by pulling the thin elastic membrane with vacuum pressure (modified from Liu et al. [28]). (b) The elastic membrane bending system with four points. Depending on the relative height between inner and outer supporting points, the strain on the cell seeded elastic membrane can be manipulated. The strain (ε) can be calculated with the equation shown above. t is the thickness of elastic membrane, d is the displacement of loading part of the device, a is the distance between the inner and outer contact points, and L is the distance between outer contact points (modified from Sun et al. [27]).