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. 2019 Nov 29;2:446. doi: 10.1038/s42003-019-0694-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a The scheme for generation of Aldh2^−/− mice. b After 6 days of MWM training, repeated measures two-way ANOVA revealed a difference in group: (F_{(2, 27)} = 14.19, p < 0.001), training time (F_{(5, 152)} = 58.32, p < 0.001), and a group × time interaction (F_{(10, 152)} = 4.91, p < 0.001). Post hoc tests showed that the mean escape latency values for ALDH2^−/− mice were a significant longer than control (wild-type mice) on day 3 (F_{(2, 27)} = 3.86, p = 0.005), day 4 (F_{(2, 27)} = 4.61, p = 0.004), day 5 (F_{(2, 27)} = 7.13, p = 0.002), and day 6 (F_{(2, 27)} = 6.27, p = 0.001); while the escape latency in ALDH2^−/− mice with l-cys treatment was no statistically significant difference than control from days 1 to 5 (p > 0.05; n = 10 mice per group). c ALDH2^−/− mice with l-cys injection reversed the reduced time in target quadrant of these mutated mice without formaldehyde treatment (t (27) = 6.25, p < 0.001). d Hippocampal formaldehyde (FA) concentrations detected by Fluo-HPLC (n = 10). e, f Spatial learning and memory assayed by the MWM in WT rats with or without intrahippocampal infusion of excessive (450 μM; t (27) = 11.60, p = 0.002) formaldehyde or formaldehyde scavenger-l-cysteine (l-cys: 500 μM) (t (27) = 1.49, p = 0.165); n = 10 mice/group). g Hippocampal formaldehyde levels detected by Fluo-HPLC (n = 10). h Negative relationship between urine formaldehyde and MMSE scores in 158 elderly AD patients. i ALDH2 activity analyzed by a human ALDH2 kit (p < 0.01). j Prefrontal lobe atrophy revealed by MRI. k Ventriculomegaly in AD patients with ALDH2 mutation. The data are expressed as the mean ± standard error (s.e.m.). ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001.