Table 3.

Path analysis showing direct and indirect effect of Y₁–Y₅ to Z (Pascopyrum smithii Schreb.).

	year	Indirect effect via
		→ Y1 → Z	→ Y2 → Z	→ Y3 → Z	→ Y4 → Z	→ Y5 → Z
Y1	2003	0.480***	0.0383	−0.1348	0.1740	−0.0239
	2004	0.423***	0.0077	0.0010	−0.0005	0.0213
	2005	0.777***	0.0257	−0.0517	−0.0391	−0.0554
Y2	2003		0.088	−0.0799	0.1039	−0.0188
	2004		0.061***	0.0003	−0.0002	0.0064
	2005		0.046	−0.0367	−0.0294	−0.0367
Y3	2003			0.454**	−0.2920	0.0062
	2004			−0.006	0.0004	−0.0083
	2005			0.081	0.0582	0.0447
Y4	2003				−0.371*	0.0129
	2004				0.005	−0.0034
	2005				0.100	0.0280
Y5	2003					0.055
	2004					−0.065**
	2005					0.087
Total direct effect		1.68	0.195	0.529	−0.266	0.077
Total effect		1.68	0.2667	0.2272	−0.2907	0.05

*Significant at the 0.05 probability level.

**Significant at the 0.01 probability level.

The direct effects of Y₁–Y₅ to Z are highlighted in bold (on the main diagonal cells); Arrows indicate the direction of the effect.