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. 2019 Nov 29;9:18002. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54558-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Yogurt ingestion prevents NS-induced decDC dysfunction. Nurses took milk (100 ml) (n = 20) or yogurt (100 g) (n = 20) during NS for one month. Blood samples were collected from each nurse before and after the ingestion of milk or yogurt. PBMCs were isolated from the samples; decDCs were further isolated from PBMCs. CD4⁺ CD25⁻ T cells were isolated from blood samples collected from healthy subjects. DCs and T cells were cocultured at a ratio of 1:5 for 4 days in the presence of IL-2 (10 ng/ml), PMA (0.1 µM) and ionomycin (100 ng/ml). (A) cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. DCs were gated out first (not shown). Frequency of Tr1 cells in remained T cells was determined. The gated dot plots show frequency of Tr1 cells. (B) Summarized data of panel A. (C) IL-10 levels in the culture supernatant (by ELISA). (D,E) decDCs were analyzed by Western blotting. The immunoblots show protein levels of HDAC11 (D) and Bmal1 (E) in decDCs. Each dot of (B,C) present data obtained from one sample. Statistics: ANOVA + Bonferroni test.