Table 1.

TLR4 agonists that modify innate immune responses to infection

TLR4 Agonist	Modified Innate Response in Models of Infection	Reference(s)
LPS	↑ Macrophage-mediated bacterial clearance during polymicrobial sepsis	Deng et.al. J Immunol 2013 [86]
	↓ Bacterial burden & serum cytokines during P. aeruginosa & Salmonella enterica infection	Lehner et al. Infect Immun 2001; Murphey et al. Shock 2007 [35, 84]
	↑ Survival & decreased serum cytokines during Cryptococcus neoformans infection	Rayhane et al. Infect Immun 2000 [87]
	↑ Recruitment of phagocytes to the site of P. aeruginosa infection	Varma et al. Infect Immun 2005 [85]
	↑ Leukocyte recruitment after S. aureus infection	Murphey et al. Shock 2008 [37]
	↑ Neutrophil recruitment, antimicrobial function, bacterial clearance, and survival during fecal peritonitis	Wynn et al. Blood 2008 [89]
MPLA	↑ Recruitment of innate leukocytes to sites of P. aeruginosa & S. aureus infections	Bohannon et al. J Leukoc Biol 2015; Fensterheim et al. J Immunol 2018 [19, 36]
	↑ Expansion of innate leukocyte progenitors in the bone marrow	Bohannon et al. J Leukoc Biol 2015 [19]
	↑ Survival during P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, & C. albicans infections	Bohannon et al. J Leukoc Biol 2015; Romero et al. Infect Immun 2011; Fensterheim et al. J Immunol 2018 [19, 33, 36]
	↑ Bacterial clearance during P. aeruginosa	Bohannon et al. J Leukoc Biol 2015; Romero et al. Infect Immun 2011 [19, 33]
	↑ Bacterial clearance during P. aeruginosa & S. aureus infections, which is preserved up to 10 days after treatment	Fensterheim et al. J Immunol 2017; Fensterheim et al. J Immunol 2018 [20, 36]
	↑ Antimicrobial functions of innate phagocytes	Fensterheim et al. J Immunol 2018 [36]
	↑ Macrophage metabolic phenotype characterized by sustained heightened glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation	Fensterheim et al. J Immunol 2018 [36]
	↓ Cytokines in the plasma & site of infection	Fukuda et al. Shock 2019 [38]
	↑ Bacterial clearance & attenuated lung injury during P. aeruginosa pneumonia in a post-burn ovine model	Fukuda et al. Shock 2019 [38]
	↑ Human neutrophil antimicrobial functions	Ruchaud-Sparagano et al. Immunol Cell Biol 2014 [69]
PHADs	↑ Recruitment of innate leukocytes to sites of P. aeruginosa & S. aureus infections	Hernandez et al. Crit Care Med 2019 [21]
	↑ Survival during P. aeruginosa & S. aureus infections	Hernandez et al. Crit Care Med 2019 [21]
	↑ Bacterial clearance during P. aeruginosa & S. aureus infections, which is preserved up to 10 days after treatment	Hernandez et al. Crit Care Med 2019 [21]
	↑ Antimicrobial functions of innate phagocytes	Hernandez et al. Crit Care Med 2019 [21]
	↓ Cytokines in the plasma & site of infection	Hernandez et al. Crit Care Med 2019 [21]