TABLE 3.
Maternal arsenic exposure through drinking water for Iowa controls and orofacial cleft subtypes, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 2000–2011
| Controls (n = 795) | CL/P (n = 169) | CP (n = 90) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arsenic Ingestion from Drinking Water | |||||
| Mean ± SD (μg/L) | 1.0 ± 2.5 | 0.8 ± 1.6 | 1.0 ± 2.1 | ||
| Median (μg/L) | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | ||
| N (%) | N (%) | OR (95% CI) | N (%) | OR (95% CI) | |
| 0 | 258 (32.5) | 62 (36.7) | Ref | 31 (34.4) | Ref |
| <1/2MCL | 508 (63.9) | 100 (59.2) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3)a | 56 (62.2) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.5)b,c |
| ≥1/2MCL | 29 (3.6) | 7 (4.1) | 0.9 (0.4, 2.3)a | 3 (3.3) | 0.9 (0.2, 3.0)b,c |
CL/P = cleft lip with or without palate; CP = cleft palate; SD = standard deviation; OR = odds ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval; Ref = reference; MCL = maximum contaminant level SDWA MCL for arsenic = 10 μg/L
a
adjusted for dietary arsenic consumption
b
crude estimate and 95% CI
c
exact logistic regression analysis used