TABLE 4.
Maternal dietary arsenic exposure for Iowa controls and orofacial cleft subtypes, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 2000–2011
| Controls (n = 1012) | CL/P (n = 237) | CP (n = 117) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Arsenic Consumption (μg/day) | |||||
| Arsenic | |||||
| Mean ± SD | 11.4 ± 27.1 | 12.1 ± 17.6 | 9.0 ± 11.0 | ||
| Median | 5.8 | 6.8 | 4.7 | ||
| Inorganic Arsenic | |||||
| Mean ± SD | 4.6 ± 3.5 | 4.2 ± 2.4 | 4.3 ± 3.1 | ||
| Median | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.6 | ||
| N (%) | N (%) | OR (95% CI) | N (%) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Arsenic | |||||
| Tertile 1 (<2.7 μg/day) | 333 (32.9) | 75 (31.6) | Ref | 46 (39.3) | Ref |
| Tertile 2 (2.7–9.4 μg/day) | 345 (34.1) | 68 (28.7) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.6)a | 34 (29.1) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.3)b |
| Tertile 3 (>9.4 μg/day) | 334 (33.0) | 94 (39.7) | 1.6 (1.0, 2.5)a | 37 (31.6) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.4)b |
| Inorganic Arsenic | |||||
| Tertile 1 (<2.6 μg/day) | 333 (32.9) | 75 (31.6) | Ref | 44 (37.6) | Ref |
| Tertile 2 (2.6–5.0 μg/day) | 346 (34.2) | 89 (37.6) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.6)c | 39 (33.3) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.8)d |
| Tertile 3 (>5.0 μg/day) | 333 (32.9) | 73 (30.8) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4)c | 34 (29.1) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.5)d |
CL/P= cleft lip with or without palate; CP = cleft palate; SD = standard deviation; OR = odds ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval; Ref = reference
a
adjusted for maternal age at delivery, ingestion of arsenic through drinking water
b
adjusted for maternal education at delivery
c
crude estimate and 95% CI
d
adjusted for total daily caloric intake, ingestion of arsenic through drinking water