Table 5.

Results from generalized estimating equations modified Poisson regression examining associations with breakfast consumption and family dinners from ages 10–23 years, stratified by sex, GUTS 1 & 2, 1997–2011

		RR (95% CI)
		MALES				FEMALES
	N obs.	Model 1a	Model 2b	Model 3c	N obs.	Model 1a	Model 2b	Model 3c
			Breakfast Consumption (≥5 times/week)
Gender Expression
Very gender conforming	3,695	ref	ref	ref	4,546	ref	ref	ref
Mostly gender conforming	5,129	1.0 (1.0,10)	1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.0 (1.0,1.0)	10,863	1.0 (1.0,1.0)	1.0 (1.0,1.0)	1.0 (1.0,10)
Gender nonconforming	340	1.0 (0.9,1.0)	1.0 (0.9,1.0)	1.0 (0.9,1.1)	1,334	0.9 (0.9,1.0)***	0.9 (0.9,1.0)***	0.9 (0.9,1.0)*
Sexual Orientation
Completely Heterosexual	8,566	ref	ref	ref	15,218	ref	ref	ref
Mostly Heterosexual	390	1.0 (0.9, 1.1)	0.9 (0.9, 1.0)	1.0 (0.9,1.1)	1,219	0.9 (0.8,0.9)***	0.9 (0.8,1.0)***	0.9 (0.9,01.0)***
Bisexual	55	1.0 (0.9,1.2)	1.0 (0.9,1.2)	1.0 (0.9,1.2)	220	0.7 (0.6,0.8)***	0.7 (0.6,0.8)***	0.7 (0.6,0.8)***
Gay or Lesbian	153	0.9 (0.7,1.0)	0.9 (0.7,1,0)	0.9 (0.7,1.0)	86	0.8 (0.7,11)	0.8 (0.7,1.1)	0.9 (0.7,1.1)
		Family Dinners (≥5 times/week)d
Gender Expression
Very gender conforming	3,026	ref	ref	ref	3,779	ref	ref	ref
Mostly gender conforming	4,128	1.0 (0.9,1.0)	1.0 (0.9, 1.0)	0.9 (0.9, 1.0)	8,893	1.0 (0.9,1. 0)	0.9 (0.8,1. 00	1.0 (0.9,1.0)
Gender nonconforming	265	1.0 (0.9,1.1)	1.0 (0.9,1.1)	0.9 (0.8,1.0)	1,061	1.0 (0.9,11)	1.0 (0.9,1.1)	1.0 (0.9,1.1)
Sexual Orientation
Completely Heterosexual	7,006	ref	ref	ref	12,657	ref	ref	ref
Mostly Heterosexual	272	1.0 (0.8,1.1)	1.0 (0.8,1.1)	1.0 (0.8,1.1)	866	0.9 (0.8,1. 0)	0.9 (0.8,1.0)	0.9 (0.8,10)
Bisexual	44	1.0 (0.7,15)	1.0 (0.7,15)	1.1 (0.7,15)	162	1.1 (0.8,13)	1.0 (0.8,1.3)	1.0 (0.8,13)
Gay or Lesbian	97	1.1 (0.8,13)	1.1 (0.8,13)	1.1 (0.9,14)	48	1.1 (0.8,16)	1.1 (0.8,1.6)	1.1 (0.8,16)

^aModel 1: age group-adjusted only; (sexual orientation and gender expression are in separate models)

^bModel 2: adjusted for age group, race/ethnicity [non-white (includes black, Hispanic, Asian or Pacific Islander, American Indian or Alaskan Native, and Other) vs. non-Hispanic white], and region; (sexual orientation and gender expression are in separate models)

^cModel 3: includes gender expression and sexual orientation as independent variables and adjusted for age group, race/ethnicity [non-white (includes black, Hispanic, Asian or Pacific Islander, American Indian or Alaskan Native, and Other) vs. non-Hispanic white], and region; no independent intercept because gender expression and sexual orientation are included in the same model

^drestricted to participants ≤18 years old

^*p<0.05,

^**p<0.01,

^***p<0.001