Figure 3.

T-006 increases glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and mitochondrial respiration through the PKA/Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway. PC12 cells were treated with T-006 (30 μM) as indicated, and the expression ratios of phosphorylated Akt/total Akt (a), p-GSK-3β/total GSK-3β (b), and p-PKA/total PKA (c) were detected by Western blot analysis. Cells were pretreated with or without PKA inhibitor H-89 (10 μM) for 1 h before exposure to T-006 (30 μM) for 30 min. The expression ratios of p-GSK-3β/total GSK-3β (d) and p-Akt/total Akt (e) were detected by Western blot analysis (densitometry readings are shown at the bottom of the blots). Representative Western blot and data analysis of three independent experiments are shown. Data are represented as the means ± SD. ^∗∗∗P < 0.001 compared to control.