Figure 2.

Curcumin treatment suppressed neuroinflammatory cytokines both in vivo/in vitro while restoring the survival pathway in adult rat hippocampus. (a) Western blot analysis of activated microglia (GFAP, Iba1), transcription factor (p-NF-κB), and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) in adult rats. (b, c) Indicating the immunofluorescent results of p-NF-κB (transcription factor) and TNF-α (inflammatory cytokines) in the CA1 region of an adult rat hippocampus. (d) Showing the western blot results of inflammatory cytokines in LPS-exposed BV2 microglial cells. (e–g) Representing the confocal results of inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-1β) and transcription factor (p-NF-κB) in BV2 cells. (h–j) Signifying the western blot and confocal results of survival proteins in an adult rat hippocampus. n = 5 for confocal microscopy, whilen = 8 for western blot. Green: FITC, blue: DAPI, red: TRITC; n = 3 experiments. Magnification: 20x. Scale bar = 30/50 μm. One-way ANOVA followed by Student's t-test was used to determine the mean ± SEM, whereas statistical analysis was evaluated by using GraphPad Prism 5 software. Sigma Gel software was used to quantify the western blot results whereas ImageJ software was used to analyze the immunofluorescence results. β-Actin was used as a loading control in western blot analysis.