Fig. 1.

Microbiomes play important roles in the development and treatment of pancreatic cancer. The blue arrow indicates that microbiome exposure activates inflammation to promote development of pancreatic cancer. The orange arrow shows that the microbiome leads to immune suppression. The green arrow shows that the microbiome influences the effects of cancer treatments. AHL-12, N-acetyl-dodecanoyl homoserine; T2R38, one of the family of bitter receptors; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; TLR, Toll-like receptor; AP-1, Activator protein 1; STAT3, Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3; Th1/2, helper T cell 1/2; PD-1, programmed cell death-1; CDD, cytidine deaminase; 2′,2′-difluorodeoxycytidine, gemcitabine; 2′,2′-difluorodeoxyuridine, an inactive form of gemcitabine