Table 3.
Cox proportional hazards model of disease‐free and disease‐specific survival for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DFS | DSS | DFS | DSS | |||||
| Variables | HR (95% CI) | P‐value | HR (95% CI) | P‐value | HR (95% CI) | P‐value | HR (95% CI) | P‐value |
| Age (years) (<65 vs. ≥65) | 1.402 (0.784–2.506) |
0.255 | 1.170 (0.635–2.157) |
0.614 | ||||
| Sex (male vs. female) | 0.824 (0.200–3.391) |
0.789 | 0.398 (0.055–2.895) |
0.363 | ||||
| Smoking (non‐smoker vs. smoker) |
0.644 (0.356–1.164) |
0.145 | 0.671 (0.355–1.266) |
0.218 | ||||
| Surgery (lobectomy vs. others†) | 1.562 (0.814–2.998) |
0.180 | 1.479 (0.730–2.996) |
0.278 | ||||
| Histologic differentiation (WD and MD vs. PD) | 2.142 (1.201–3.821) |
0.010 | 2.089 (1.130–3.861) | 0.019 | 2.413 (1.309–4.450) | 0.005 | 2.109 (1.122–3.962) | 0.020 |
| TNM stage (I,II vs. III,IV) | 2.325 (1.208–4.476) |
0.012 | 2.060 (1.016–4.176) |
0.045 | 1.907 (0.983–3.699) |
0.056 | 1.690 (0.830–3.441) |
0.148 |
| Percentage of MIF‐positive tumor cells (low vs. high) | 2.661 (1.422–4.978) |
0.002 | 2.249 (1.153–4.389) |
0.017 | 3.125 (1.628–5.998) |
0.001 | 2.303 (1.172–4.525) |
0.016 |
†
Others include bilobectomy or sleeve lobectomy and pneumonectomy.
CI, confidence interval; DFS, disease‐free survival; DSS, disease‐specific survival; HR, hazard ratio; MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor; MD, moderately differentiated; PD, poorly differentiated; TNM, tumor‐node‐metastasis, WD, well differentiated.