Table 4.

Dependent Factors for Annual Frequency of Acute Exacerbation in Patients with COPD

Variable	Univariate		Multivariate
β ± SE	P-value	β ± SE	P-value
Age (years)	0.004 ± 0.002	0.032	0.001 ± 0.002	0.633
Male	0.005 ± 0.029	0.864	−0.004 ± 0.052	0.933
FEV1, %	−0.067 ± 0.024	0.005	−0.057 ± 0.037	0.126
Methylxanthines and/or LTRA use	0.122 ± 0.028	<0.001	0.053 ± 0.031	0.088
Current smoker	0.022 ± 0.029	0.445	0.046 ± 0.041	0.261
Use of inhalers	0.175 ± 0.032	<0.001	0.136 ± 0.035	<0.001
EQ-5D index	−0.033 ± 0.071	0.642	0.004 ± 0.069	0.959

Abbreviations: FEV₁, forced expiratory volume during the first second; LTRA, leukotriene receptor antagonist; EQ-5D, EuroQol-5 dimension.