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A, formation of DNA–protein and DNA–peptide cross-links via reductive amination reactions between 5-formyl-dC in DNA and the -NH2 group of Lys. B, denaturing PAGE analysis of reaction mixtures after reductive amination reaction between 5′-ATGGCGGGXTAT-3′, where X = 5fC and RPKPQQFFGLM-CONH2. The 5′ ends of oligonucleotides were radiolabeled with [γ-32P]ATP and T4 PNK. C, representative MALDI-MS spectrum of synthetic DNA–polypeptide conjugate.
