Table I. Summary of literature references dealing with anticancer effect of DDW.
| Organism | Tissue or cell line | Cancer type | DDW range (ppm) | DDW max. of effect and the concentration | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mice | L929 | Normal fibroblasts | 30–600 | 20% decrease in cell count at 30 ppm; 35% increase in cell count at 600 ppm | (7) |
| Human | MDA-MB-231 | Breast | 30 | 83% increase in survival of xenotransplanted mice | |
| MCF7 | 43% increase in survival of xenotransplanted mice | ||||
| Human | PC-3 | Prostate | 90 | 15% decrease in cell count | (8) |
| MCF 7 | Breast | 10% decrease in cell count | |||
| M14 | Melanoma | 16% decrease in cell count | |||
| PC3 | Prostate | 90–95 | 5% decrease in tumor volume | ||
| 98 | 2 times higher in apoptosis of cells xenotransplanted in mice | ||||
| Mice | A4 | Hematopoietic stem | 90 | 42% decrease in cell count | |
| IL-3-deprived A4 | 20% decrease in cell count | ||||
| Dog | Tissue | Breast | 90–95 | 67% decrease in tumor volume | |
| Mice | Tissue | Liver | 52 | 67% increase in H2O2 generation at mitochondria | (9) |
| Human | Tissue | Lung | 25–105a | Noticeable increase in survival time of all 4 lung cancer patients | (10) |
| Human | A549 | Lung | 25–150 | 31% decrease in cell count at 105 ppm | (11) |
| H460 | Lung | 30% decrease in tumor growth of H460 xenograft model mice at 50 ppm | |||
| HLF-1 | Normal embryonic lung fibroblasts | No significant effect | |||
| Human | Tissue | Prostate | 85a | 50% decrease in prostate specific antigen (PSA); 59% decrease in tumor volume; 33% increase in patient survival | (12) |
| Human | Tissue | Lung | 25–105a | 11% increase in patient survival | (13) |
| Mice | Tissue | Lung | 25 | Significant (p < 0.05) increase in expression of Kras, Bcl2, Myc | |
| Human | Tissue | Breast | 65–105a | 2–3 times longer median survival time (MST) compared to only conventional therapy; 3 times longer MST of patients who took DDW more than once than those who took it only once | (14) |
| Human | CNE-1 | Nasopharyngeal | 50–150 | 40% decrease in cell count at 50 ppm | (15) |
| MC3T3-E1 | Normal preosteoblast | 73% increase in cell count at 75 ppm | |||
| Human | MDA-MB-231 | Breast | 40–150 | No significant effect on either tumor or normal cells | (16) |
| HCT-116 | Colon | ||||
| PC-3 | Prostate | ||||
| U-87MG | Glioblastoma multiform | ||||
| AGS | Stomach | ||||
| HDF-1 | Normal dermal fibroblast | ||||
| Human | A549 | Lung | <150b | <10% effect on cell apoptosis, not significant | (17) |
| ZR-75-1 | Breast | ||||
| HT-29 | Colon | ||||
| Mice | Tissue | Liver | 46 | 35% increase in generation of hydrogen peroxide at mitochondria | (18) |
| Mice | Tissue | Liver | 46 | 18% decrease in weight of rats; 15% increase in aspartate aminotransferase; 43% increase in (AST) alanine amino-transferase (ALT); 35% increase in generation of hydrogen peroxide at mitochondria | (19) |
a In addition to conventional therapies.
b The authors did not mention the concentration range of DDW.