Table 3.

Regression Adjusted Odds Ratios for Positive Resources and Negative Attributes Associated with Pain Severity Levels

	Adjusted* bivariate odds ratios	Full model* depression odds ratios	Full model* stress odds ratios
Pain level: Moderate vs Mild/None (N = 64,904 weighted moderate pain severity)
Depression	4.1	2.6	–
Stress–high	5.0	–	3.2
Poor sleep quality	2.8	2.3	2.3
High resilience	0.5	0.6	0.6
Medium social network index	0.7	0.9	0.9
Diverse social network index	0.5	0.7	0.7
Physical therapy	1.1	1.1	1.1
Opioid use ≥15 days	2.2	1.9	1.9
NSAID Rx	1.5	1.4	1.4
Benzodiazepine Rx	1.5	1.1	1.1
Muscle relaxant Rx	1.4	1.0**	1.0**
Pain level: Severe vs Mild/None (N = 54,723 weighted severe pain severity)
Depression	9.4	4.7	–
Stress-high	9.2	–	4.7
Poor sleep quality	4.7	3.1	3.3
High resilience	0.3	0.5	0.4
Medium social network index	0.5	0.8	0.7
Diverse social network index	0.3	0.6	0.5
Physical therapy	1.2	1.2	1.1
Opioid use ≥15 days	4.6	3.5	3.6
NSAID Rx	1.4	1.2	1.1
Benzodiazepine Rx	2.3	1.4	1.5
Muscle relaxant Rx	2.4	1.4	1.4

^*Adjusted for age, sex, minority, region, location, plan type, PCP access, HCC score, obesity, pain conditions (back pain, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis).

^**Not significant. All other variables significant P < 0.0001.

HCC, Hierarchical Condition Category; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PCP, primary care physician; Rx, prescription.