Table 4.
Regression Adjusted Odds Ratios for Positive Resources and Negative Attributes Associated with Pain Interference Levels
| Adjusted* bivariate odds ratios | Full model* depression odds ratios | Full model* stress odds ratios | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pain interference: Moderate vs None/Mild (N = 49,644 weighted moderate pain interference) | |||
| Depression | 4.5 | 2.7 | – |
| Stress–high | 5.4 | – | 3.2 |
| Bad sleep quality | 3.0 | 2.4 | 2.5 |
| High resilience | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| Medium social network index | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 |
| Diverse social network index | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| Physical therapy | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 |
| Opioid use ≥15 days | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.7 |
| NSAID Rx | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.4 |
| Benzodiazepine Rx | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.2 |
| Muscle relaxant Rx | 1.8 | 1.3 | 1.3 |
| Pain interference: High vs None/Mild (N = 52,935 weighted severe pain interference) | |||
| Depression | 13.3 | 7.0 | – |
| Stress–high | 12.2 | – | 6.3 |
| Bad sleep quality | 5.3 | 3.5 | 3.7 |
| High resilience | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.4 |
| Medium social network index | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
| Diverse social network index | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
| Physical therapy | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.3 |
| Opioid use ≥15 days | 4.6 | 3.4 | 3.6 |
| NSAID Rx | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.2 |
| Benzodiazepine Rx | 2.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 |
| Muscle relaxant Rx | 2.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
*
Adjusted for age, sex, minority, region, location, plan type, PCP access, HCC score, obesity, pain conditions (back pain, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis). All variables significant P < 0.0001.
HCC, Hierarchical Condition Category; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PCP, primary care physician; Rx, prescription.