Table 1.
Characteristics of the studies included in the present meta-analysis.
| No. | Reference | Year | Region | Design of study | No. of patients | Age† (years) | Women (%) | HbA1c (%) | eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | Definition of sarcopenia | Sarcopenia (%) | Outcome | Adjustment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Han et al. [29] | 2016 | Korea | Cross-sectional | 360 | 58 | 56.5 | NR | 87 | ASM/height2 below the cutoff value (7.0 kg/m2 in men and 5.4 kg/m2 in women) using the DXA method according to the recommendations of AWGS | 18.8 | Albuminuria | HTN, BMI, and MetS | |
| 2 | Yang et al. [24] | 2016 | China | Cross-sectional | 793 | 51 | 30.6 | 9.2 | 114 | ASM/height2 below the cutoff value (7.26 kg/m2 in men and 5.45 kg/m2 in women) using the anthropometric equation model | 26.2 | Albuminuria and eGFR | Age, BMI, SBP, DBP, HbA1c, FPG, diabetes duration, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, the use of drugs, and physical activities | |
| 3 | Bouchi et al. [30] | 2017 | Japan | Longitudinal study | 238 | 64 | 39.2 | 7.1 | 75.6 | SMI (ASM/height2) below the cutoff value (7.0 kg/m2 in men and 5.4 kg/m2 in women) using the DXA method and grip strength below the cutoff value (26 kg in men and 18 kg in women) according to the recommendations of AWGS | 17.6 | Albuminuria | Age, sex, HbA1c, BMI, and TG/HDL-C ratio | |
| 4 | Hwang et al. [23] | 2017 | Korea | Cross-sectional | 704 | 69 | 49.5 | NR | 78.1 | SMI (ASM/weight) of 2 SD below the sex-specific mean value for a younger reference group (cutoff point for sarcopenia in men and women: 27.2% and 21.3%, respectively) | 14.2 | Proteinuria | None | |
| 5 | Yoon et al. [31] | 2017 | Korea | Cross-sectional | 158 | 64 | 54.7 | NR | 87.6 | SMI (ASM/weight) of 2 SD below the sex-specific mean value for a younger reference group | 11.3 | Albuminuria | Age, BMI, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, physical activities, HTN, DL, CVD, MetS, vitamin D deficiency, estrogen replacement, and renal dysfunction (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) | |
| 6 | Chung et al. [22] | 2018 | Korea | Cross-sectional | 409 | 58 | 47.4 | 7.1 | 102.8 | SMI (ASM/weight) of 2 SD below the sex-specific mean value for a younger reference group (cutoff point for sarcopenia in men and women: 35.9% and 30.6%, respectively) | 19.6 | Albuminuria | Sex, age, percent body fat, smoking status, alcohol status, physical activity, duration of diabetes, HbA1c, SBP, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, and RAS blocker, statin, fibrate, and insulin use |
†Unless indicated otherwise, data are shown as mean values. Abbreviations: SD: standard deviation; SMI: skeletal muscle mass index; BMI: body mass index; DXA: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; ASM: appendicular skeletal muscle mass; AWGS: Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia; HTN: hypertension; MetS: metabolic syndrome; DL: dyslipidemia; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TG: triglycerides; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; CVD: cardiovascular disease; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; RAS: renin-angiotensin system; NR: not reported.