Table 3.
Clinical characteristics of subjects.
| Variable | Healthy controls | Impaired metabolic health | Impaired vascular health | Impaired renal health | Significance (ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 55 | 44 | 58 | 43 | |
| Age (yrs) | 33.3 (26.8 – 41.8) | 57.5 (43.9 – 62.1)∗∗∗ | 49.3 (34.1 – 59.0)∗∗∗ | 57.2 (48.3 – 69.7)∗∗∗,†† | <0.001 |
| Gender (M/F) | 27/28 | 22/22 | 23/35 | 30/13 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.1 ± 2.5 | 28.9±4.5∗∗∗ | 24.9±3.5∗∗,OOO | 26.3±3.6∗∗∗,OO,† | <0.001 |
| Smoker (current/ex/never) | 13/11/31 | 8/13/23 | 9/7/42 | 2/17/24 | |
| Alcohol intake (mg/day) | 4,842 (1,778 – 9,481) | 5,048 (1,056 – 10,428) | 4,870 (1,851 – 11,658) | 5,303 (1,035 – 14,532) | |
| FPG (mM) | 4.79 ± 0.41 | 5.32±0.58∗∗∗ | 4.92 ± 0.54OOO | 5.12±0.53∗∗∗,† | <0.001 |
| A1C (mmol/mol Hb) | 34.6 ± 3.1 | 40.6±2.3∗∗∗ | 37.6±3.0∗∗∗,OOO | 37.7±4.4∗∗∗,OOO | <0.001 |
| Plasma insulin (IU/ml) | 7.00 (4.90 – 9.10) | 15.83 (12.49 – 19.00)∗∗∗ | 7.55 (5.60 – 9.48)OOO | 8.70 (6.20 – 13.65)∗∗,OOO | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR (IU/ml/mM) | 1.41 (1.11 – 1.96) | 3.69 (2.93 – 4.34)∗∗∗ | 1.66 (1.19 – 2.10)OOO | 1.98 (1.47 – 3.23)∗,OOO,† | <0.001 |
| Plasma cystatin C (mg/l) | 0.755 ± 0.088 | 0.810±0.104∗∗ | 0.773 ± 0.119 | 1.346±0.224∗∗∗,OOO | <0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 88.0 ± 12.5 | 79.6±11.7∗∗∗ | 84.5 ± 16.2 | 45.0±8.8∗∗∗,OOO | <0.001 |
| CIMT (mm) | 0.475 ± 0.065 | 0.572±0.086∗∗∗ | 0.643±0.107∗∗∗,OOO | 0.605±0.070∗∗∗ | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.69 ± 0.66 | 5.22±1.00∗∗ | 5.38±0.84∗∗∗ | 4.90 ± 0.93†† | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.61 ± 0.60 | 3.11±0.88∗∗ | 3.17±0.83∗∗∗ | 2.86 ± 0.95 | <0.01 |
| Apolipoprotein-B (g/l) | 0.794 ± 0.168 | 0.988±0.220∗∗∗ | 0.903±0.203∗∗,O | 0.898 ± 0.229∗ | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.75 ± 0.42 | 1.42±0.46∗∗∗ | 1.84 ± 0.48OOO | 1.42±0.49∗∗∗,††† | <0.001 |
| Apolipoprotein-A1 (g/l) | 1.60 ± 0.24 | 1.54 ± 0.27 | 1.69 ± 0.30O | 1.55 ± 0.28† | <0.05 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 0.72 ± 0.27 | 1.51±0.92∗∗∗ | 0.81 ± 0.38OOO | 1.37±1.09∗∗∗,†† | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 115 ± 12 | 126±20∗∗ | 115 ± 12OO | 123±14∗∗,†† | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75 ± 7 | 82±10∗∗∗ | 77 ± 9OO | 80±9∗∗ | <0.001 |
| Urinary albumin (mg/24 h) | 7.0 (5.1 – 9.2) | 7.5 (5.4 – 12.8) | 6.7 (4.6 – 9.3) | 26.5 (6.6 – 129.4)∗∗∗,OO,††† | <0.001 |
| Urinary total protein (mg/24 h) | 99 (76 – 120) | 89 (64 – 111) | 89 (72 – 115) | 121 (83 – 246)∗∗,OO,†† | <0.01 |
Data are mean ± SD or median (lower-upper quartile). Significance: ∗, ∗∗, and ∗∗∗, P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001 with respect to heathy controls; o, oo, and ooo, P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001 with respect to impaired metabolic health; and †, ††, and †††, P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001 with respect to impaired vascular health.