Table 4.
Urinary amino acid biomarkers.
| Variable | Healthy controls | Impaired metabolic health | Impaired vascular health | Impaired renal health | Significance (ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FL (nmol/mg creatinine) | 26.5 (17.3 – 39.4) | 21.5 (17.1 – 33.9) | 23.2 (16.7 – 38.5) | 23.9 (19.2 – 29.2) | |
| CML (nmol/mg creatinine) | 15.6 (13.7 – 20.6) | 19.6 (15.4 - 25.8)∗ | 16.2 (13.1 – 22.5)O | 18.3 (14.1 – 21.1) | |
| MG-H1 (nmol/mg creatinine) | 9.75 (5.93 – 15.47) | 7.79 (6.53 – 13.68) | 8.72 (5.23 – 14.79) | 9.68 (7.29 – 11.87) | |
| Glucosepane (nmol/mg creatinine) | 2.84 (2.41 – 3.36) | 3.17 (2.64 – 3.95)∗ | 3.19 (2.59 – 4.58)∗∗ | 2.84 (2.44 – 4.21) | <0.05 |
| Pentosidine (nmol/mg creatinine) | 0.258 (0.207 – 0.287) | 0.266 (0.228 – 0.306) | 0.270 (0.212 – 0.315) | 0.237 (0.172 – 0.286) | |
| Pyrraline (nmol/mg creatinine) | 9.11 (5.69 – 13.67) | 12.5 (7.2 – 16.8)∗ | 11.2 (6.3 – 15.6) | 7.2 (5.6 – 10.9) | <0.05 |
| DT (nmol/mg creatinine) | 0.053 (0.044 – 0.061) | 0.051 (0.043 – 0.061) | 0.055 (0.046 – 0.067) | 0.052 (0.044 – 0.059) | |
| GSA (nmol/mg creatinine) | 7.45 (5.51 – 8.96) | 9.36 (7.03 – 12.16)∗∗ | 7.74 (5.92 – 9.40)O | 8.08 (6.42 – 9.91) | <0.05 |
| 3-NT (nmol/mg creatinine) | 0.012 (0.007 – 0.026) | 0.011 (0.005 – 0.025) | 0.012 (0.006 – 0.022) | 0.012 (0.008 – 0.017) | |
| GEEK (nmol/mg creatinine) | 0.422 (0.202 – 0.927) | 0.359 (0.222 – 0.619) | 0.403 (0.250 – 0.647) | 0.277 (0.185 – 0.471)∗ | |
| Leu (nmol/mg creatinine) | 22.9 (20.6 – 29.0) | 24.4 (19.7 – 32.0) | 22.8 (19.0 – 27.9) | 16.5 (13.9 – 21.0)∗∗∗,OOO,††† | <0.001 |
| Ile (nmol/mg creatinine) | 11.2 (9.2 – 13.1) | 11.6 (9.1 – 15.0) | 10.8 (8.6 – 13.0) | 7.2 (5.8 – 9.0)∗∗∗,OOO,††† | <0.001 |
| Val (nmol/mg creatinine) | 32.7 (29.8 – 37.7) | 36.0 (28.6 – 45.1) | 29.9 (25.8 – 37.1)O | 19.6 (15.4 – 26.3)∗∗∗,OOO,††† | <0.001 |
| BCAA (nmol/mg creatinine) | 67.2 (60.3 – 80.8) | 73.3 (57.0 – 97.7) | 64.6 (56.2 – 77.7) | 44.2 (35.9 – 55.0)∗∗∗,OO,† | <0.001 |
Data are median (lower-upper quartile) with N values as given in Table 2. Significance: ∗, ∗∗, and ∗∗∗, P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001 with respect to heathy controls; o, oo, and ooo, P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001 with respect to impaired metabolic health; and †, ††, and †††, P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001 with respect to impaired vascular health.