(a) Algorithm outcome to detect health impairment comparing against good health
| Algorithm | Set 1 | Set 2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Features | Age, BMI, FL, and val | Age, BMI, and leu | ||||
| Health impairment | Metabolic | Vascular | Renal | Metabolic | Vascular | Renal |
| Accuracy (%) | 83.5 (83.0 – 84.1) | 70.5 (69.8 – 71.2) | 89.9 (89.4 – 90.4) | 84.0 (83.4 – 84.5) | 71.6 (70.9 – 72.2) | 85.4 (84.9 – 85.9) |
| Sensitivity (%) | 79.1 (78.1 – 89.1) | 69.7 (68.6 – 70.7) | 87.8 (86.8 – 88.8) | 79.9 (78.9 – 81.0) | 67.7 (66.5 – 69.0) | 80.6 (79.5 – 81.7) |
| Specificity (%) | 87.1 (86.1 – 88.1) | 71.4 (70.1 – 72.7) | 91.6 (90.9 – 92.4) | 87.2 (86.3 – 88.1) | 75.6 (74.4 – 76.9) | 89.2 (88.3 – 90.1) |
| Positive likelihood ratio | 7.95 (7.24 – 8.65) | 2.77 (2.59 – 2.96) | 13.2 (12.2 – 14.2) | 7.73 (7.09 – 8.36) | 3.17 (2.97 – 3.37) | 9.56 (8.74 – 10.4) |
| Negative likelihood ratio | 0.24 (0.23 – 0.25) | 0.43 (0.41 – 0.44) | 0.13 (0.12 – 0.14) | 0.23 (0.22 – 0.24) | 0.43 (0.41 – 0.44) | 0.22 (0.20 – 0.23) |
| Positive predictive value (%) | 83.9 (82.9 – 84.9) | 72.6 (71.7 – 73.5) | 89.6 (88.8 – 90.4) | 83.9 (83.0 – 84.8) | 75.2 (74.3 – 76.0) | 86.1 (85.2 – 87.1) |
| Negative predictive value (%) | 84.2 (83.6 – 84.8) | 69.4 (68.6 – 70.2) | 90.9 (90.2 – 91.6) | 84.7 (84.1 – 85.4) | 69.4 (68.6 – 70.2) | 85.6 (85.2 – 86.5) |
| F-measure | 0.81 (0.80 – 0.82) | 0.71 (0.70 – 0.72) | 0.88 (0.87 – 0.89) | 0.82 (0.81 – 0.82) | 0.71 (0.70 – 0.72) | 0.83 (0.82 – 0.83) |
| Diagnostic odds ratio | 25.6 (23.1 – 28.1) | 5.7 (5.3 – 6.1) | 78.5 (70.0 – 87.0) | 27.1 (24.6 – 29.6) | 6.5 (6.1 – 6.9) | 34.3 (30.9 – 37.7) |
Diagnostic performance data are reported as mean (95% CI) of 100 times repeated 2-fold validation experiments.