Table I.
Frequent ophthalmic or visual manifestations and most commonly abused drugs causing them
| Ocular/visual manifestations | Suspected drugs |
|---|---|
| Diplopia | Alcohol, phencyclidine, barbiturates, heroin |
| Corneal anaesthesia, keratitis | Phencyclidine, cocaine |
| Dry eye | Alcohol, nicotine |
| Mydriasis | Cocaine, methamphetamine, lysergic acid diethylamide, marijuana |
| Miosis | Heroin |
| Hippus/indistinct pupillary response | Barbiturates |
| Non-arteritic optic neuropathy | Nicotine |
| Age-related macular degeneration | Alcohol, nicotine |
| Retinal venous occlusion, intraretinal haemorrhage | Cocaine, methamphetamine, opioids |
| Talc retinopathy | Methamphetamine, heroin |
| Toxic optic neuropathy | Nicotine, methanol |
| Nystagmus | Phencyclidine, barbiturates, morphine |
| Impaired oculomotor function | Cannabinoids |
| Palinopsia | Lysergic acid diethylamide |
| Thyroid orbitopathy | Nicotine |
| Raised intraocular pressure | Smoking nicotine |
| Decreased intraocular pressure | Cannabinoids |