Table 2.

Risk for functional decline in 5 years by engagement in leisure activity

	Risk	Risk ratio (95% CI)	P value	Adjusted risk ratio (95% CI)	P value
IADL (n = 3241)
Leisure physical activity
Without (n = 1349)	0.130	1		1
With (n = 1892)	0.085	0.65 (0.53 to 0.79)	< 0.001	0.73 (0.60 to 0.89)*	0.002
Cultural leisure activity
Without (n = 1595)	0.123	1		1
With (n = 1646)	0.085	0.69 (0.56 to 0.85)	< 0.001	0.77 (0.63 to 0.95)†	0.015
Intellectual activity (n = 3388)
Leisure physical activity
Without (n = 1400)	0.090	1		1
With (n = 1988)	0.070	0.78 (0.62 to 0.98)	0.030	0.88 (0.70 to 1.11)*	0.29
Cultural leisure activity
Without (n = 1671)	0.093	1		1
With (n = 1717)	0.065	0.70 (0.56 to 0.89)	0.003	0.82 (0.64 to 1.04)†	0.10
Social role (n = 3200)
Leisure physical activity
Without (n = 1324)	0.119	1		1
With (n = 1876)	0.093	0.78 (0.64 to 0.96)	0.018	0.87 (0.71 to 1.06)‡	0.17
Cultural leisure activity
Without (n = 1569)	0.120	1		1
With (n = 1631)	0.088	0.73 (0.60 to 0.90)	0.003	0.85 (0.70 to 1.05)⁋	0.14

IADL instrumental activities of daily living, CI confidence interval

^*Adjusted for engagement in cultural leisure activity, baseline functional capacity (instrumental ADL or intellectual activity or social role), and potential confounders such as age, gender, BMI, smoking habit, ethanol intake, history of cancer cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, living alone, depressive symptoms, cognitive impairment, and participation to social activity

^†Adjusted for engagement in leisure physical activity, baseline functional capacity (instrumental ADL or intellectual activity or social role), and all potential confounders

^‡Adjusted for engagement in cultural leisure activity, baseline functional capacity, and potential confounders except for participation to social activity

^⁋Adjusted for engagement in leisure physical activity, baseline functional capacity, and potential confounders except for participation to social activity