Table 2.
Participants’ self-reported pain and pain related functional disability (pain log & MVAS), PTSD (PCL-M) and depression symptom severity (CES-D) by group and visit number [n, mean ± SD]
| Item | Visit 1 | Visit 2 | Visit 3 | Visit 4 | Visit 5 | Visit 6 | Follow-up visit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pain log (pre-session) | |||||||
| Biomodulator (n = 34) | 25, 4.7 ± 1.9 | 17, 3.8 ± 2.5 | 18, 3.8 ± 2.1 | 17, 4.2 ± 2.0 | 13, 3.5 ± 1.7 | 13, 3.1 ± 1.4 | 13, 3.7 ± 2.3 |
| Acupuncture (n = 36) | 32, 4.6 ± 1.9 | 20, 3.9 ± 1.8 | 21, 3.5 ± 2.2 | 19, 2.9 ± 2.2 | 18, 3.8 ± 2.5 | 18, 3.2 ± 1.5 | 11, 3.4 ± 3.0 |
| TENS (n = 30) | 26, 4.5 ± 1.8 | 23, 3.5 ± 1.5 | 22, 3.5 ± 1.8 | 21, 3.4 ± 1.8 | 21, 2.7 ± 1.8 | 22, 2.7 ± 1.4 | 9, 3.3 ± 1.4 |
| Pain log difference [(pre-session) – (post-session)] | |||||||
| Biomodulator (n = 34) | 25, −1.8 ± 1.7 | 17, − 0.9 ± 2.0 | 16, − 1.4 ± 1.6 | 17, −1.9 ± 1.6 | 12, − 1.3 ± 1.4 | 13, −1.6 ± 0.9 | – |
| Acupuncture (n = 36) | 32, − 1.8 ± 1.7 | 20, − 1.6 ± 1.5 | 21, −1.3 ± 1.6 | 18, − 0.9 ± 1.2 | 18, −1.6 ± 1.8 | 17, − 1.2 ± 0.8 | – |
| TENS (n = 30) | 24, − 1.8 ± 2.3 | 22, −1.4 ± 1.1 | 22, − 1.0 ± 1.4 | 21, −1.3 ± 1.1 | 21, − 0.8 ± 0.8 | 21, − 1.0 ± 0.7 | – |
| MVAS | |||||||
| Biomodulator (n = 34) | 30, 81.2 ± 20.5 | 20, 68.9 ± 25.0 | 16, 64.1 ± 24.3 | 15, 68.4 ± 24.5 | 13, 64.8 ± 27.5 | 15, 59.1 ± 29.9 | 21, 59.1 ± 29.8 |
| Acupuncture (n = 36) | 35, 72.2 ± 25.5 | 22, 54.5 ± 25.4 | 19, 54.7 ± 25.7 | 20, 51.3 ± 30.9 | 17, 56.2 ± 33.6 | 16, 54.5 ± 28.9 | 19, 54.1 ± 33.4 |
| TENS (n = 30) | 29, 67.14 ± 18.3 | 19, 68.9 ± 25.1 | 25, 63.4 ± 26.9 | 19, 65.6 ± 27.4 | 17, 58.6 ± 25.0 | 22, 57.1 ± 25.2 | 25, 50.0 ± 22.5 |
| PCL-M | |||||||
| Biomodulator (n = 34) | 25, 35.2 ± 15.2 | – | – | – | – | 15, 38.6 ± 17.6 | 13, 37.2 ± 15.9 |
| Acupuncture (n = 36) | 33, 31.7 ± 18.1 | – | – | – | – | 14, 30.1 ± 17.6 | 15, 37.8 ± 21.9 |
| TENS (n = 30) | 26, 27.5 ± 10.5 | – | – | – | 16, 25.9 ± 13.1 | 18, 25.2 ± 11.8 | |
| CES-D | |||||||
| Biomodulator (n = 34) | 22, 18.3 ± 11.3 | – | – | – | – | 15, 23.5 ± 14.7 | 14, 20.8 ± 14.6 |
| Acupuncture (n = 36) | 33, 12.1 ± 12.7 | – | – | – | – | 12, 16.7 ± 16.0 | 18, 18.4 ± 14.9 |
| TENS (n = 30) | 26, 10.7 ± 10.3 | – | – | – | – | 15, 11.2 ± 12.8 | 16, 12.6 ± 10.8 |
-. No data; CES-D. The Center for Epidemiological Studies - Depression Scale; MVAS. Million Visual Analog Scale; PCL-M. PTSD Checklist - Military; PTSD. Post-traumatic stress disorder; TENS. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation