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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Dec 3.
Published in final edited form as: Birth Defects Res. 2019 Oct 23;111(18):1436–1447. doi: 10.1002/bdr2.1607

TABLE 3.

Abdominal wall defect counts, percentages, and 95% confidence intervals for 30 US population-based surveillance programs,a 2012–2016

Variable Gastroschisis (n = 5,349b) Omphalocele (n = 2,601b)
Count Percent 95% CIc Count Percent 95% CIc
Case ascertainment methodologya
Active case finding 2,677 50.0 48.7–51.4 1,262 48.5 46.6–50.5
Passive case finding 2,672 50.0 48.6–51.3 1,339 51.5 49.5–53.4
Maternal race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic 2,857 53.4 52.1–54.8 1,242 47.8 45.8–49.7
Black, non-Hispanic 632 11.8 11.0–12.7 627 24.1 22.5–25.8
Hispanic 1,524 28.5 27.3–29.7 543 20.9 19.3–22.5
Asian or Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic 105 2.0 1.6–2.4 80 3.1 2.4–3.8
American Indian or Alaska Native, non-Hispanic 71 1.3 1.0–1.7 18 0.7 0.4–1.1
Maternal age (years)
<20 1,331 24.9 23.7–26.1 203 7.8 6.8–8.9
20–24 2,397 44.8 43.5–46.2 593 22.8 21.2–24.5
25–29 1,085 20.3 19.2–21.4 642 24.7 23.0–26.4
30–34 354 6.6 6.0–7.3 629 24.2 22.5–25.9
35–39 116 2.2 1.8–2.6 359 13.8 12.5–15.2
40+ 24 0.4 0.3–0.7 152 5.8 5.0–6.8
Maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI)d
Underweight 332 6.9 6.2–7.7 65 2.9 2.3–3.7
Normal 2,733 56.9 55.5–58.3 840 37.8 35.7–39.8
Overweight 1,046 21.8 20.6–23.0 543 24.4 22.6–26.3
Obese 496 10.3 9.5–11.2 629 28.3 26.4–30.2
Infant sex
Male 2,715 50.8 49.4–52.1 1,405 54.0 52.1–55.9
Female 2,612 48.8 47.5–50.2 1,152 44.3 42.4–46.2
Gestational age (weeks)
20–23 weeks 57 1.1 0.8–1.4 127 4.9 4.1–5.8
24–27 weeks 59 1.1 0.8–1.4 102 3.9 3.2–4.7
28–33 weeks 565 10.6 9.8–11.4 368 14.1 12.8–15.5
34–36 weeks 2,510 46.9 45.6–48.3 530 20.4 18.8–22.0
37+ weeks 2,096 39.2 37.9–40.5 1,428 54.9 53.0–56.8
Birth weight (grams)
Very low birth weight (less than 1,500 g) 291 5.4 4.8–6.1 370 14.2 12.9–15.6
Low birth weight (1,500–2,499 g) 2,785 52.1 50.7–53.4 629 24.2 22.5–25.9
Normal birth weight (≥2,500 g) 2,170 40.6 39.2–41.9 1,426 54.8 52.9–56.8
Plurality
Singleton 5,146 96.2 95.7–96.7 2,400 92.3 91.2–93.3
Twin or multiple 117 2.2 1.8–2.6 157 6.0 5.2–7.0
Pregnancy outcomee
Live births 3,181 94.3 93.4–95.0 1,237 80.7 78.7–82.7
Non-live births 190 5.6 4.9–6.5 293 19.1 17.2–21.2
a

Contributing programs by case-finding methodology: Active case-finding: Arizona, Arkansas (2012–2015), California, Delaware, Georgia (Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program), Iowa, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Minnesota, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, Texas, Utah. Passive case-finding: Florida, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Vermont.

b

Cases were included when gestational age was greater than or equal to 20 completed weeks gestation. For select states, ascertainment area differed from that reported in the supplemental tables. Counts across subgroups may not add to the total due to other/unknown categories (not shown).

c

CI: Confidence interval calculated using exact binomial methodology.

d

Includes live birth cases from: Arizona (2014–2016), California, Delaware, Florida, Georgia (Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program), Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey (2015–2016), New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont (Total gastroschisis cases = 4,802; Total omphalocele cases = 2,224).

e

Includes programs who ascertain pregnancy outcomes including non-live births: Arizona, Arkansas (2012–2015), California, Delaware, Georgia (Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program), Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Missouri, Nebraska, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, Utah, Vermont (Total gastroschisis cases = 3,374; Total omphalocele cases = 1,529).