Table 1.

hAECs administered in animal models of injuries and diseases of the CNS and the possible mechanisms.

Diseases	Authors	Model animal	Delivery route	Suggested mechanism	Clinical improvement
Stroke	[9]	Acute ischemia rats	I.C.	Reduced apoptosis Neural differentiation	Reduced infarct volume Improved functional behaviour
Stroke	[32] [34]	Acute ischemia mice and marmoset monkeys	I.V.	Reduced cerebral apoptosis and inflammation Reduced systemic immunosuppression	Reduced infarct volume Improved functional behaviour
Stroke	[14]	ICH rats	Intracerebral	Reduced microglial activation Increased neural cell survival and regeneration	Reduced brain edema Ameliorated neurologic deficits
Stroke	[25]	ICH rabbits	Intracerebral	Neural differentiation	Improved functional behaviour
Stroke	[36]	ICH rats	Intracerebral	Reduced microglial activation and inflammatory factors	Reduced inflammation response
SCI	[42]	SCI monkeys	Injected into the transection cavities	Promote the growth of axotomized axons Prevent the formation of glial scar	Prevented the formation of glial scar Prevented death in axotomized cells
SCI	[10]	SCI rats	Injected into spinal transections	Promote the regeneration of the axons Inhibited the atrophy of axotomized red nucleus	Improved functional behaviour
SCI	[43]	SCI rats	Injected into spinal transections	Reduced microglial activation	Alleviated SCI-induced mechanical allodynia
SCI	[44]	SCI rats	Transplanted into spinal transections	Enhanced the survival of host neurons Promoted the survival and neural differentiation of codrafted NSCs	Improved functional behaviour
SCI	[46]	SCI rats	Transplanted into spinal hemisections with muscle scaffold	Promoted axonal growth Promoted the remyelination of nerve fibres	Improved functional recovery
SCI	[47]	SCI rats	Transplanted into spinal hemisections with silk fibroin scaffold	Reduced the formation of glial scar Reduced immunological reaction at lesion site	Improved functional behaviour
Parkinson's	[15]	PD rats	Intracerebral	Promoted the differentiation of the neurons expressing tyrosine hydroxylase	Improved functional behaviour
Parkinson's	[58]	PD rats	Intracerebral	Promoted the survival of dopamine neurons	Improved the survival of dopamine neurons
Parkinson's	[11]	PD rats	Intracerebroventricular	Prevented the loss of dopamine neurons and their metabolites	Improved behaviour recovery
Parkinson's	[59]	PD rats	Intracerebral	Increased the content of dopamine neurons and their metabolites	Improved behaviour deficits
Alzheimer's	[12] [65]	APP/PS1 mice	Intracerebral	Increased survival of cholinergic neurons Promoted acetylcholine production	Improved spatial memory
MS	[13]	EAE mice	Intravenous	Suppressed the proliferation of splenocytes and T cells Increased proportion of Th2 production	Reduced demyelination Ameliorated relapse and remission
MS	[71]	EAE mice	Intravenous	Inhibited the proliferation of splenocytes Increased the production of IL-2 and IL-5	Decreased remission Demyelination
MS	[72]	EAE mice	Intravenous	Increased the number of Treg and naïve CD4+ T cells Decreased the T cell response and inflammatory factors	Ameliorated relapse
CP	[52]	Brain injury in preterm foetal sheep	Foetal jugular vein	Reduced microglial activation, apoptosis and astrogliosis, and BBB integrity maintenance	Protected the developing brain
CP	[51]	Brain injury in preterm foetal sheep	Foetal brachial artery	Reduced microglial activation, pyknotic cells, and cell death Increased oligodendrocytes and MBP-positive cells	Restored myelin morphology Decreased white matter injury
CP	[53]	White matter injury in preterm foetal sheep	Intravenous and intratracheal	Reduced microglial activation and vascular leakage	Modulated white matter pathology
CP	[56]	Brain injury in perinatal mouse	Intravenous	Reduced apoptosis and astrogliosis Increased microglial activity	Rescued the decreased body weight