Table 2.
Summary of in vitro studies for the antiosteoporotic effects of natural Chinese medicine.
| TCM | Compound | Cells | Beneficial effects |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gynochthodes officinalis (F.C.How) Razafim. & B.Bremer (syn. Morinda officinalis F.C.How) | Bajijiasu | OCs | osteoclast formation↓ (Hong et al., 2017a) |
| anthraquinone | OBs | proliferation↑ (Wu et al., 2009) | |
| OCs | differentiation, TRAcP activity↓, apoptosis↑ (Wu et al., 2009; Bao et al., 2011) | ||
| Monotropein | OBs | Proliferation, mineralization↑ (Zhang et al., 2016c) | |
| Curculigo orchioides | Curculigoside (CCG) | hAFSCs | osteogenesis, ALP activity, calcium deposition↑ osteoclastogenesis↓ (Liu et al., 2014a) |
| BMSCs | Proliferation, differentiation↑ (Shen et al., 2013) | ||
| OBs | oxidative damage↓, proliferation, differentiation↑ (Wang et al., 2012b) | ||
| M2, CCG-A, CCG-B etc. | OBs | proliferation, differentiation↑ (Wang et al., 2017a) | |
| OCs | TRAcP activity↓ (Jiao et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2013b; Wang et al., 2017c) | ||
| Psoralea corylifolia | bavachin and bakuchiol | OBs | Proliferation, differentiation, ALP activity↑ (Lim et al., 2009) |
| PSO | MSCs | differentiation, ALP activity↑ (Yang et al., 2012) | |
| Neobavaisoflavone | OBs | differentiation, ALP activity↑ (Don et al., 2012) | |
| bavachalcone | OCs | osteoclastogenesis, resorption pits↓ (Chai et al., 2018) | |
| Eucommia ulmoides | 5-HMF | MSCs | osteogenesis Mineralization↑ (Tan et al., 2014) |
| adipogenesis↓ (Tan et al., 2014) | |||
| AU, GP, GA, TL | OBs | proliferation↑ (Ha et al., 2003; Zhang et al., 2014) | |
| OCs | proliferation, differentiation↓(Ha et al., 2003; Zhang et al., 2014) | ||
| Dipsacus inermis | RDE, RTS | OBs, MSCs | proliferation, differentiation↑ (Liu et al., 2012b; Niu et al., 2015b) |
| OCs | osteoclastogenesis ↓ (Niu et al., 2012) | ||
| Asperosaponin VI | OBs | proliferation, differentiation, mineralization↑ (Niu et al., 2011) | |
| RD extract | MSCs | differentiation↑ (Kim et al., 2011) | |
| Cibotium barometz | RW-Cb | OBs | proliferation, differentiation↑ (Xu et al., 2014) |
| CB extract | OCs | Differentiation, TRAcP activity↓ (Nguyen et al., 2009) | |
| Velvet Antler | TVAPL | OBs | Proliferation, ↑ (Zhang et al., 2013) |
| FA-, NFA- | Proliferation, mineralization↑ (Lee et al., 2011) | ||
| FA | OCs | Differentiation, TRAcP activity↓ (Choi et al., 2013) | |
| CE-C | Differentiation, actin ring↓, apoptosis↑ (Li et al., 2007) | ||
| Cistanche deserticola | CD extract | OBs | mineralization↑ (Li et al., 2012b) |
| Echinacoside | OBs | proliferation, mineralization, ALP activity↑ (Li et al., 2012a) | |
| CD extract | OCs | Differentiation, actin ring↓, ROS↓ (Song et al., 2018) | |
| Cuscuta chinensis | CC extract | OBs | Proliferation, differentiation mineralization↑ (Yao et al., 2005; Yang et al., 2009) |
| ALP activity, collagen synthesis, BMP-2↑ (Yang et al., 2009; Yang et al., 2011) | |||
| oxidative damage↑, apoptosis↓ (Gao et al., 2013) | |||
| Kaempferol, hyperoside | OBs | ALP activity↑ (Yang et al., 2011) | |
| Campesterol | OCs | osteoclasts activities↓ (Yao et al., 2005) | |
| Cnidium monnieri | Osthole | OBs | Proliferation, ALP, mineralization↑(Jia et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2017b) |
| Bergapten | OCs | Osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption↓ (Chen et al., 2019a) | |
| Epimedium brevicornum | Icariin, etc. | OBs and MSCs | Proliferation, ALP, mineralization, COL1a2, OSX, RUNX-2, BMP-2/Smad4 Notch2↑(Chen et al., 2007b; Mok et al., 2010; Fan et al., 2011; Cao et al., 2012; Liang et al., 2012) |
| OCs | Osteoclastogenesis, bone resorption, RANKL, CTSK, TRAcP and MMP9↓(Chen et al., 2007a) | ||
| Pueraria montana | Puerarin | OBs, MSCs | proliferation and differentiation, ALP activity↑ (Wang et al., 2013a; Wang et al., 2014) |
| OCs | osteoclast differentiation and formation↓(Park et al., 2017) | ||
| Salvia miltiorrhiza | Salvianic acid A Salvianolic acid B Tanshinol and Tanshinone IIA | OBs, | ALP, OCN, OPG, Runx2↑(Chin et al., 2011; Cui et al., 2009) |
| OCs | Osteoclast formation and function, c-Fos and NFATc1↓(Nicolin et al., 2010; Liu et al., 2018) |
They have beneficial osteogenetic effects by enhancing the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and bone mesenchymal stem cells, improving the activity of ALP and the formation of mineralized nodules. While the osteoclastogenesis and function of osteoclasts are inhibited.