Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of baseline sample (N=356) of individuals with current opioid use disorders and past 6 months use of non-prescribed buprenorphine, recruited in the Dayton, OH area.
| Characteristics | N or Mean | % or SD |
|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographics | ||
| Age (years) | 39.2 | 9.6 |
| Gender (Male) | 179 | 50.3% |
| Race/Ethnicity (White/Non-Hispanic) | 316 | 88.8% |
| Education (Some College or More) | 157 | 44.1% |
| Marital Status (Married/Living with Partner) | 82 | 23.0% |
| Employment status: | ||
| Full/Part time | 92 | 25.8% |
| Unemployed (disability) | 67 | 18.8% |
| Unemployed (other) | 197 | 55.3% |
| Pain and psychiatric comorbidities | ||
| Chronic pain diagnosis (ever, lifetime) | 199 | 55.9% |
| Major depressive disorder (past 12m) | 122 | 34.3% |
| Generalized anxiety disorder (past 12m) | 162 | 45.5% |
| PTSD (past 12m) | 98 | 27.5% |
| History of non-prescribed buprenorphine (NPB) and other opioid use | ||
| Types of non-prescribed buprenorphine products ever used: | ||
| Non-prescribed Suboxone tablets or generics | 308 | 86.5% |
| Non-prescribed Suboxone film | 331 | 93.0% |
| Non-prescribed Subutex | 262 | 73.6% |
| Non-prescribed Zubsolv | 38 | 10.7% |
| Non-prescribed Bunavail | 1 | 0.3% |
| Years since first use of non-prescribed pain pills or heroin/fentanyl* | 18.5 | 9.6 |
| Years since first non-prescribed buprenorphine use* | 4.0 | 3.3 |
| Past 6 month use of non-prescribed buprenorphine and other opioids** | ||
| Heroin/fentanyl use (days in past 6 months)* | 103.7 | 67.25 |
| Non-prescribed buprenorphine use (days in past 6 months)* | 26.9 | 37.57 |
| Reasons of non-prescribed buprenorphine use: | ||
| To self-treat withdrawal symptoms (ever in past 6 months) | 317 | 89.0% |
| To get high (ever in past 6 months)* | 58 | 16.3% |
| Non-prescribed pain pill use (ever in past 6 months)* | 193 | 54.2% |
| Prescribed pain pill use (ever in past 6 months)* | 69 | 19.4% |
| Past 6 month use of formal treatment services for substance use disorders*** | ||
| Any type of treatment (ever in past 6 months)* | 180 | 50.6% |
| Buprenorphine-based treatment (ever in past 6 months) | 134 | 37.6% |
| Methadone-based treatment (ever in past 6 months) | 14 | 3.9% |
| Vivitrol-based treatment (ever in past 6 months) | 23 | 6.5% |
| Abstinence-based treatment**** (ever in past 6 months) | 49 | 13.8% |
| Days in treatment for substance use disorders (any, days in past 6 months) | 40.0 | 58.2 |
| Days in buprenorphine-based treatment (days in past 6 months) | 26.0 | 49.9 |
| Days in methadone-based treatment (days in past 6 months) | 4.2 | 24.6 |
| Days in Vivitrol-based treatment (days in past 6 months) | 2.3 | 9.3 |
| Days in abstinence-based treatment**** (days in past 6 months) | 8.7 | 26.8 |
| Lifetime history of participation in formal buprenorphine-based treatment | ||
| Never | 117 | 32.9% |
| Once | 108 | 30.3% |
| Two or more times | 131 | 36.8% |
| Mode of administration of non-prescribed buprenorphine and other opioids, past 6 months | ||
| Non-prescribed buprenorphine taken non-orally (at least once) | 91 | 25.6% |
| Non-prescribed pain pills taken non-orally (most common route) | 106 | 29.8% |
| Heroin/fentanyl injected (most common route) | 225 | 63.2% |
| The most common source of non-prescribed buprenorphine in the past 6 months | ||
| Bought from a dealer | 93 | 26.1% |
| Obtained from family and/or friends | 243 | 68.2% |
| Other | 20 | 5.7% |
| Frequent use of other drug use in the past 6 months (use on 3–7 days per week) | ||
| Alcohol | 32 | 9.0% |
| Marijuana | 89 | 25.0% |
| Cocaine (powder or crack) | 90 | 25.3% |
| Non-prescribed benzodiazepines | 47 | 13.2% |
| Non-prescribed gabapentin | 49 | 13.8% |
| Methamphetamine | 57 | 16.0% |
| Adverse consequences/experiences in the past 6 months | ||
| Overdose (ever in past 6 months) | 98 | 27.5% |
| Hospitalization (ever in past 6 months) | 88 | 24.7% |
| Incarceration (ever in past 6 months) | 110 | 30.9% |
| Homelessness (ever in past 6 months) | 195 | 54.8% |
*
Latent Class Indicator Variables
**
“Days in past 6 months” variables have a maximum of 184 days.
***
Participants may have attended more than one type of treatment program in the past 6 months.
****
Abstinence-based included programs that did not provide buprenorphine, methadone or Vivitrol.