Table 1.

Baseline characteristics in women with different races and GDM status in two large cohorts

	CARDIA cohort				Tianjin GDM cohort
	African American		White		Chinese
	Non-GDM	GDM	Non-GDM	GDM	Non-GDM	GDM
No. of subjects	919	75	706	86	705	1263
Pregnant age, years old	27.5±4.71	27.0±4.75	27.7±4.60	27.9±4.46	29.7±2.83	30.1±3.50
Pre-pregnancy body mass index, kg/m2	26.0±6.48	29.8±8.22	23.5±4.48	25.6±5.66	22.9±3.68	24.3±3.96
Weight gain during pregnancy, kg	15.8±9.96	17.6±15.0	16.5±6.53	16.4±6.81	18.3±6.67	16.8±5.99
Lactation duration, months	4.63±9.41	5.26±7.84	11.0±13.4	15.6±18.9	9.89±7.05	8.72±6.21
Education, %
<13 years	61.8	50.7	32.6	23.3	10.4	22.5
13–16 years	34.9	40.0	45.3	50.0	75.5	70.1
>16 years	3.3	9.3	22.1	26.7	14.2	7.4
Income class, %
Low	33.5	29.3	8.8	11.6	5.4	27.5
Medium	47.0	53.3	48.4	37.2	15.5	36.9
High	13.4	13.4	22.1	32.6	79.1	35.6
Not reported	6.1	4.0	20.7	18.6	0	0
Family history of diabetes, %	46.0	64.0	28.0	44.2	27.1	35.7
Smoking status, %
Never	58.1	56.0	53.7	55.8	96.0	97.5
Past	9.5	10.7	23.9	29.1	0	0
Current	32.4	33.3	22.4	15.1	4.0	2.5
Alcohol drinker, %	43.2	28.0	57.1	45.3	32.1	26.9
Dietary intake
Fiber, g/1000 kcal	12.4±7.29	11.3±5.59	14.6±6.31	14.3±6.31	11.6±4.42	12.3±4.62
Protein intake from energy, %	18.7±4.98	18.3±4.62	18.9±4.54	19.6±4.48	16.6±2.62	16.7±2.68
Fat intake from energy, %	21.1±3.74	21.0±3.93	19.8±3.93	21.0±3.81	31.1±5.64	33.1±6.12
Carbohydrates intake from energy, %	60.2±6.17	60.7±6.17	61.3±6.08	59.4±6.02	52.2±6.80	50.2±7.04
Physical activity intensity, %
No	2.8	4.1	0.4	4.8	64.7	75.1
Moderate	78.4	80.6	71.7	66.3	30.5	21.8
Heavy	18.7	15.3	27.8	28.9	4.8	3.1