Table 1.
Study Sample description: demographics and drug history.
| Demographics | CTL (n = 18) | AUD (n = 21) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Women/Men (n) | 8/10 | 4/17 | 0.087 a |
| Age (yrs) | 49.6 ± 11 (29–66) | 50.3 ± 9.5 (26–68) | 0.83 |
| Education (yrs) | 16.3 ± 2.9 | 13.6 ± 2.7 | 0.005 |
| Socioeconomic Status (SES) | 24.2 ± 11.2 | 40.7 ± 18.3 | 0.002 |
| Handedness | 73.3 ± 26.2 | 51.5 ± 57.8 | 0.15 |
| Visual Acuity | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 0.90 |
| Body Mass Index | 25.4 ± 4.2 | 27.5 ± 4.7 | 0.18 |
| Alcohol and Substance Use History | |||
| Lifetime Alcohol Consumption (kg) | 27.1 ± 24 (0–73) | 913.1 ± 816 (181–3442) | 0.0001 |
| Age at AUD Onset (yrs) | – | 26.6 ± 11 (13–48) | – |
| AUD remission (yrs) | – | 1.6 ± 2.9 (0.01–12.6) | – |
| Days since last drink | 126 ± 375 (2–1479) | 342 ± 969 (1–4551) | 0.42 |
| Alcohol Craving (ACQ-R score) | 8.2 ± 2.6 (7–17) | 10.3 ± 7 (7–30) | 0.21 |
| AUDIT score | 2.9 ± 2.3 | 15.7 ± 11.3 | 0.0001 |
| Cannabis use diagnosis (y/n) | 0/18 | 11b/10 | 0.0001a |
| CUD remission (yrs) | – | 22.5 ± 11.3 (0.8–36.5) | – |
| Age at Cannabis Onset (yrs) | – | 16.2 ± 3 (12–21) | – |
| Nicotine use diagnosis (n) | 0/18 | 11/10 | 0.0001a |
| Other substance use diagnoses c (n) | 0/18 | 15/6 | 0.0001a |
| SUD remissiond (yrs) | – | 16.8 ± 14.8 (0.5–44.9) | – |
Mean and standard deviation for each group: control subjects (CTL) and subjects diagnosed with alcohol use disorder (AUD); t-tests were applied to test for group differences; statistical significance level was set at p < 0.05 (cursive).
Chi square test.
n = 5 AUD had both cannabis and nicotine abuse/dependency.
Other substances of abuse included cocaine, amphetamines, sedatives, and opioids.
According to DSM-IV remission criteria, of the 15 AUD with past SUD, 12 were in full remission and 3 in early remission. Abbreviations: Socioeconomic Status (SES): higher scores represent lower SES (range, 11–77) (Hollingshead and Redlich, 1958), Alcohol Craving Questionnaire (ACQ-R) (Drobes and Thomas, 1999); Intelligence Quotient (IQ), number (n), years (yrs); Edinburgh Handedness Inventory: Laterality index above +40 = right-handed, below − 40 = left-handed (Oldfield, 1971).