Table 1. (A) Bee community and (B) functional group response to urbanization, temperature, floral resources, and farm size.

Response Variable	Parameters	Multiple R2	Estimate	SE	F	DF	P
A. Community level
Total bee abundance	Urbanization (1500m)	0.171	0.124	0.587	0.044	(1,12)	0.837
	Bloom cover		0.021	0.013	2.432	(1,12)	0.145
Bee species richness	Urbanization (500 m)	0.363	0.254	0.174	2.121	(1,12)	0.171
	Plant species richness		0.006	0.003	5.468	(1,12)	0.038 *
Bee evenness	Urbanization (1000m)	0.472	0.070	0.022	10.395	(1,12)	0.007 *
	Plant species richness		0.001	0.001	1.425	(1,12)	0.339
Bee diversity	Urbanization (500m)	0.486	0.617	0.223	7.658	(1,12)	0.017 *
	Plant species richness		0.007	0.003	5.121	(1,12)	0.043 *
B. Functional groups
Native bees	Urbanization (1000m)	0.186	0.244	0.125	0.169	(1,12)	0.688
	Total bloom cover		0.019	0.012	1.900	(1,12)	0.193
Exotic Bees	Urbanization (500m)	0.666	3.908	0.820	22.684	(1,12)	< 0.001 ***
	Total bloom cover		0.039	0.018	4.771	(1,12)	0.050 *
Ground-nesting bees	Urbanization (1000m)	0.420	1.024	0.550	3.472	(1,12)	0.087
	Total bloom cover		0.019	0.013	2.378	(1,12)	0.149
Above-ground nesting bees	Urbanization (500m)	0.345	2.643	1.161	5.177	(1,12)	0.042 *
	Plant species richness		0.023	0.017	1.844	(1,12	0.199
Solitary bees	Urbanization (1500m)	0.361	2.211	0.851	6.743	(1,12)	0.023 *
	Total bloom cover		0.009	0.020	0.218	(1,12)	0.649
Eusocial bees	Urbanization (1000m)	0.596	1.348	0.529	6.505	(1,12)	0.025 *
	Total bloom cover		0.028	0.012	5.380	(1,12)	0.039 *
Generalist bees	Urbanization (1500m)	0.206	0.050	0.624	0.007	(1,12)	0.937
	Total bloom cover		0.025	0.014	2.956	(1,12)	0.111
Specialist bees	Urbanization (500m)	0.171	1.290	0.860	2.248	(1,12)	0.160
	Plant species richness		0.004	0.013	0.082	(1,12)	0.779

Response variables were ln(x + 1) transformed for analyses. Multiple R² values are reported for whole models. Model parameter significance is indicated as:

* P < 0.05,

*** P < 0.001.