Table 2.
Distribution of WB levels according to sociodemographics, working and lifestyle factors
| Factors | WB | Total (n=2746) | P value | ||
| Low (n=1063) | Medium (n=1006) | High (n=677) | |||
| Profession | <0.001** | ||||
| Doctor (visiting physician) | 75 (44.9%) | 65 (38.9%) | 27 (16.2%) | 167 (6.1%) | |
| Doctor (resident) | 77 (40.3%) | 65 (34.0%) | 49 (25.7%) | 191 (7.0%) | |
| Nurse | 350 (24.9%) | 568 (40.4%) | 488 (34.7%) | 1406 (51.2%) | |
| Medical technician | 165 (45.0%) | 140 (38.1%) | 62 (16.9%) | 367 (13.4%) | |
| Administrative staff (supervisor) | 14 (87.5%) | 1 (6.3%) | 1 (6.3%) | 16 (0.6%) | |
| Administrative staff (other) | 382 (63.8%) | 167 (27.9%) | 50 (8.3%) | 599 (21.8%) | |
| Age (years) | <0.001** | ||||
| 21–34 | 458 (35.2%) | 448 (34.5%) | 394 (30.3%) | 1300 (47.3%) | |
| 35–44 | 226 (37.5%) | 240 (39.8%) | 137 (22.7%) | 603 (22.0%) | |
| 45–54 | 246 (39.4%) | 251 (40.2%) | 128 (20.5%) | 625 (22.8%) | |
| 55–66 | 133 (61.0%) | 67 (30.7%) | 18 (8.3%) | 218 (7.9%) | |
| Gender | <0.001** | ||||
| Male | 321 (54.5%) | 181 (30.7%) | 87 (14.8%) | 589 (21.4%) | |
| Female | 742 (34.4%) | 825 (38.2%) | 590 (27.4%) | 2157 (78.6%) | |
| Length of service (years) (n=2595) | <0.001** | ||||
| <5 | 334 (35.4%) | 333 (35.3%) | 277 (29.3%) | 944 (36.4%) | |
| 5–14 | 254 (37.1%) | 258 (37.7%) | 173 (25.3%) | 685 (26.4%) | |
| 15–24 | 163 (31.2%) | 219 (41.9%) | 141 (27.0%) | 523 (20.2%) | |
| >24 | 231 (52.1%) | 154 (34.8%) | 58 (13.1%) | 443 (17.1%) | |
| Marital status | <0.001** | ||||
| Single | 451 (33.7%) | 494 (36.9%) | 393 (29.4%) | 1338 (48.7%) | |
| Married | 581 (43.3%) | 489 (36.5%) | 271 (20.2%) | 1341 (48.8%) | |
| Divorced | 23 (45.1%) | 17 (33.3%) | 11 (21.6%) | 51 (1.9%) | |
| Widowed | 8 (50.0%) | 6 (37.5%) | 2 (12.5%) | 16 (0.6%) | |
| Smoking (n=2728) | 0.014* | ||||
| No | 1038 (38.4%) | 991 (36.7%) | 673 (24.9%) | 2702 (99.0%) | |
| Yes | 17 (65.4%) | 7 (26.9%) | 2 (7.7%) | 26 (1.0%) | |
| Betel nut usage (n=2678) | 0.500 | ||||
| No | 1032 (38.6%) | 984 (36.8%) | 660 (24.7%) | 2676 (99.9%) | |
| Yes | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (50.0%) | 1 (50.0%) | 2 (0.1%) | |
| Alcohol consumption | 0.558 | ||||
| No | 1011 (38.6%) | 958 (36.6%) | 651 (24.8%) | 2620 (95.4%) | |
| Yes | 52 (41.3%) | 48 (38.1%) | 26 (20.6%) | 126 (4.6%) | |
| Meal time | <0.001** | ||||
| Normal | 677 (55.0%) | 407 (33.0%) | 148 (12.0%) | 1232 (44.9%) | |
| Abnormal | 386 (25.5%) | 599 (39.6%) | 529 (34.9%) | 1514 (55.1%) | |
| Eat out | <0.001** | ||||
| 0–1 meal | 415 (48.9%) | 304 (35.8%) | 129 (15.2%) | 848 (30.9%) | |
| 2–3 meals | 648 (34.1%) | 702 (37.0%) | 548 (28.9%) | 1898 (69.1%) | |
| Lack of sleep | <0.001** | ||||
| No | 677 (60.2%) | 329 (29.3%) | 118 (10.5%) | 1124 (40.9%) | |
| Yes | 386 (23.8%) | 677 (41.7%) | 559 (34.5%) | 1622 (59.1%) | |
| Physical exercise | <0.001** | ||||
| None | 562 (33.7%) | 633 (37.9%) | 473 (28.4%) | 1668 (60.7%) | |
| Regular | 501 (46.5%) | 373 (34.6%) | 204 (18.9%) | 1078 (39.3%) | |
| Body mass index (n=2709) | 0.052 | ||||
| ≤24 | 704 (37.3%) | 700 (37.1%) | 485 (25.7%) | 1889 (69.7%) | |
| >24 | 345 (42.1%) | 288 (35.1%) | 187 (22.8%) | 820 (30.3%) | |
| Weekly work hours (n=2739) | <0.001** | ||||
| 20–40 | 620 (54.8%) | 372 (32.9%) | 139 (12.3%) | 1131 (41.3%) | |
| >40 | 439 (27.3%) | 632 (39.3%) | 537 (33.4%) | 1608 (58.7%) | |
| Work type | <0.001** | ||||
| Day shift | 802 (45.2%) | 636 (35.8%) | 337 (19.0%) | 1775 (64.6%) | |
| Non-day shift | 261 (26.9%) | 370 (38.1%) | 340 (35.0%) | 971 (35.4%) | |
| Lifestyle factors† | <0.001** | ||||
| None | 71 (67.6%) | 30 (28.6%) | 4 (3.8%) | 105 (3.8%) | |
| One | 248 (67.2%) | 99 (26.8%) | 22 (6.0%) | 369 (13.5%) | |
| Two | 321 (54.1%) | 197 (33.2%) | 75 (12.6%) | 593 (21.7%) | |
| Three | 243 (33.0%) | 304 (41.3%) | 189 (25.7%) | 736 (26.9%) | |
| Four | 143 (19.5%) | 297 (40.5%) | 294 (40.1%) | 734 (26.8%) | |
| Five | 33 (16.3%) | 77 (38.1%) | 92 (45.5%) | 202 (7.4%) | |
| Sleep hours (n=2740) | <0.001** | ||||
| No lack of sleep | 677 (60.2%) | 329 (29.3%) | 118 (10.5%) | 1124 (41.0%) | |
| Lack of sleep | |||||
| Workday sleep hours<6 hours | |||||
| Catch-up sleep hours≤0 hours | 13 (19.7%) | 26 (39.4%) | 27 (40.9%) | 66 (2.4%) | |
| Catch-up sleep hours>0 and≤2 hours | 60 (24.7%) | 110 (45.3%) | 73 (30.0%) | 243 (8.9%) | |
| Catch-up sleep hours>2 hours | 88 (29.0%) | 114 (37.6%) | 101 (33.3%) | 303 (11.1%) | |
| Workday sleep hours≥6 and<7 hours | |||||
| Catch-up sleep hours≤0 hours | 22 (19.1%) | 53 (46.1%) | 40 (34.8%) | 115 (4.2%) | |
| Catch-up sleep hours>0 and≤2 hours | 106 (23.5%) | 193 (42.7%) | 153 (33.8%) | 452 (16.5%) | |
| Catch-up sleep hours>2 hours | 53 (25.1%) | 81 (38.4%) | 77 (36.5%) | 211 (7.7%) | |
| Workday sleep hours≥7 hours | |||||
| Catch-up sleep hours≤0 hours | 12 (19.4%) | 24 (38.7%) | 26 (41.9%) | 62 (2.3%) | |
| Catch-up sleep hours>0 and≤2 hours | 18 (17.6%) | 51 (50.0%) | 33 (32.4%) | 102 (3.7%) | |
| Catch-up sleep hours>2 hours | 10 (16.1%) | 24 (38.7%) | 28 (45.2%) | 62 (2.3%) | |
| Exercise per week (n=2735) | <0.001** | ||||
| No physical exercise | 562 (33.7%) | 633 (37.9%) | 473 (28.4%) | 1668 (61.0%) | |
| Regular physical exercise | |||||
| <90 min/week | 224 (45.1%) | 195 (39.2%) | 78 (15.7%) | 497 (18.2%) | |
| ≥90 and<150 min/week | 133 (46.0%) | 86 (29.8%) | 70 (24.2%) | 289 (10.6%) | |
| ≥150 min/week | 135 (48.0%) | 90 (32.0%) | 56 (19.9%) | 281 (10.3%) | |
χ2 test. *P<0.05, **P<0.01.
†Lifestyle factors: abnormal meal times, frequently eat out, lack of sleep, no exercise, >40 weekly work hours.