Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate analyses of factors associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms among adults (N=2867)
| Characteristics | Anxiety and depressive symptoms | |||
| COR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | |
| Presence of multimorbidity | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1.39 | 1.18 to 1.64 | 1.33 | 1.11 to 1.58 |
| Age (years) | ||||
| 30–39 | 1 | – | ||
| 40–49 | 0.95 | 0.77 to 1.77 | – | |
| 50–59 | 1.14 | 0.92 to 1.40 | – | |
| 60–69 | 1.02 | 0.78 to 1.40 | – | |
| ≥70 | 1.26 | 0.85 to 1.88 | – | |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | ||
| Female | 2.58 | 2.17 to 3.05 | 2.40 | 2.01 to 2.87 |
| Education | ||||
| Postgraduate | 1 | 1 | ||
| Higher/graduate | 0.89 | 0.71 to 1.13 | 0.86 | 0.67 to 1.09 |
| Secondary | 1.15 | 0.89 to 1.48 | 1.05 | 0.78 to 1.40 |
| Primary | 1.22 | 0.81 to 1.85 | 1.11 | 0.70 to 1.77 |
| No education | 1.95 | 1.48 to 2.57 | 1.51 | 1.094 to 2.07 |
| Income (rupees) | ||||
| >55 000 | 1 | – | ||
| 40 000–54 999 | 0.91 | 0.69 to 1.17 | – | |
| 25 000–39 999 | 0.99 | 0.76 to 1.28 | – | |
| 16 001–24 999 | 1.08 | 0.81 to 1.43 | – | |
| <16 000 | 1.02 | 0.79 to 1.32 | – | |
| Occupation | ||||
| Professional office job | 1 | 1 | ||
| Non-manual work | 0.78 | 0.58 to 1.06 | 0.81 | 0.58 to 1.13 |
| Labour work | 1.22 | 0.95 to 1.57 | 1.34 | 1.00 to 1.79 |
| Skilled worker | 1.15 | 0.85 to 1.55 | 1.29 | 0.93 to 1.78 |
| Unskilled worker | 1.17 | 0.87 to 1.59 | 1.06 | 0.75 to 1.48 |
| Unemployed | 0.85 | 0.71 to 1.14 | 0.90 | 0.68 to 1.18 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Currently married | 1 | 1 | ||
| Never married | 0.78 | 0.58 to 1.05 | 0.87 | 0.62 to 1.17 |
| Widowed/separated/divorced | 1.45 | 1.03 to 2.03 | 1.02 | 0.72 to 1.48 |
| Number of children | ||||
| No child | 1 | 1 | ||
| 1–2 | 0.68 | 0.56 to 0.83 | 0.68 | 0.56 to 0.84 |
| 3 and above | 0.84 | 0.68 to 1.04 | 0.74 | 0.59 to 0.93 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Sindhi | 1 | 1 | ||
| Punjabi | 1.84 | 1.31 to 2.58 | 1.66 | 1.16 to 2.37 |
| Balochi | 1.26 | 0.74 to 2.14 | 1.32 | 0.76 to 2.30 |
| Pashtu | 1.68 | 1.12 to 2.51 | 1.39 | 0.90 to 2.13 |
| Urdu | 1.45 | 1.11 to 1.89 | 1.35 | 1.00 to 1.81 |
| Others | 1.84 | 1.32 to 2.56 | 1.52 | 1.07 to 2.17 |
| Home status | ||||
| Own | 1 | – | ||
| Rent | 0.96 | 0.81 to 1.14 | – | |
| Other arrangement | 0.70 | 0.44 to 1.10 | – | |
| Smoking status | ||||
| No | 1 | – | ||
| Yes | 0.80 | 0.65 to 1.00 | – | |
| Visiting faith healer | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 2.44 | 1.96 to 3.03 | 2.29 | 1.82 to 2.88 |
For AOR, only variables with p value <0.250 in univariate analysis were entered into adjusted model using stepwise selection (presence of multimorbidity, gender, education, occupation, marital status, number of children, ethnicity and visiting faith healer).
AOR, adjusted OR;COR, unadjusted OR.