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. 2019 Nov 14;9(11):e031144. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031144

Table 3.

Classification of climates and seasons

Climate of country of origin/city of study hospital Köppen-Geiger climate classification system
A (Tropical)

  • f (rainforest)

  • m (monsoon)

  • w (savanna)


B (Arid)

  • W (desert)

  • S (steppe)

    • h (hot)

    • k (cold)


C (Temperate)

  • s (dry summer)

  • w (dry winter)

  • f (without dry season)

    • a (hot summer

    • b (warm summer)

    • c (cold summer)


D (Continental)

  • s (dry summer)

  • w (dry winter)

  • f (without dry season)

    • a (hot summer

    • b (warm summer)

    • c (cold summer)


E (Polar)

  • T (tundra)

  • F (frost)
Season of index stroke Northern hemisphere countries (Austria, Belgium, Canada, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Mongolia, The Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Turkey, UK, USA, United Arab Emirates) :

  • Spring: March–May

  • Summer: June–August

  • Fall: September–November

  • Winter: December–February


Southern hemisphere countries (Australia, Brazil, Costa Rica, New Zealand, South Africa):

  • Spring: September–November

  • Summer: December–February

  • Fall: March–May

  • Winter: June–August

  • Equatorial countries: Malaysia