Table 3.

Changes in EEG variables after the forest therapy programs (FTPs) (analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) results). BP, guided-breathing meditation program; WP, walking program; CI, confidence interval.

EEG	Control			Breathing Program			Walking Program			BP–CN		WP–CN
Variable	${\overline{X}}_B$	$\overline{\mathsf{\delta }}$ (95% CI)	$\mathsf{\gamma }$	${\overline{X}}_B$	$\overline{\mathsf{\delta }}$ (95% CI)	$\mathsf{\gamma }$	${\overline{X}}_B$	$\overline{\mathsf{\delta }}$ (95% CI)	$\gamma$	$\overline{\Delta }$ (95% CI)	$\Gamma$	$\overline{\Delta }$ (95% CI)	$\Gamma$
MEF [Hz]	8.47	−0.45 ** (−0.78, −0.11)	0.57	8.40	−0.02 (−0.38, 0.34)	0.02	8.40	−0.40 * (−0.77, −0.03)	0.40	0.43 (−0.11, 0.97)	0.45	0.05 (−0.48, 0.57)	0.05
$P\alpha [{\mathsf{\mu }\mathrm{V}}^2]$	2.71	−0.10 (−0.33, 0.13)	0.18	3.00	−0.17 (−0.42, 0.08)	0.28	2.65	−0.15 (−0.42, 0.11)	0.22	−0.07 (−0.45, 0.31)	0.11	−0.06 (−0.42, 0.31)	0.09
$P\beta [{\mathsf{\mu }\mathrm{V}}^2]$	1.86	−0.10 (−0.37, 0.16)	0.17	2.31	−0.16 (−0.44, 0.12)	0.24	2.09	0.13 (−0.16, 0.42)	0.17	−0.06 (−0.49, 0.37)	0.08	0.23 (−0.18, 0.64)	0.32
ATR	1.25	−0.06 (−0.13, 0.02)	0.33	1.18	0.00 (−0.08, 0.08)	0.02	1.22	−0.15 *** (−0.23, −0.07)	0.68	0.06 (−0.06, 0.18)	0.29	−0.09 (−0.21, 0.03)	0.44

The changes in variables after each FTP was analyzed using a generalized linear model (GLM), where ${\overline{\mathrm{X}}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ is the mean value at baseline and $\overline{\mathsf{\delta }}$ (95% CI) and $\mathsf{\gamma }$ are the mean (95% confidence interval) and effect size, respectively, of the difference after each FTP or the CN in an equivalent time interval. Multiple comparisons between the two groups (change in BP vs. CN and WP vs. CN) were conducted to identify the mean difference in the change from the CN group based on t-statistics, where $\overline{\Delta }$ and $\mathsf{\Gamma }$ are the mean difference and effect size, respectively, of each FTP (BP or WP) relative to the CN. p-values (p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001) and 95% CIs related to the multiple tests were adjusted by Dunnett’s method. Effect sizes were calculated by the Rosnow method.