Table 1.
Comparison of biomarker expression in the muscle, brain, and gill tissues in C70 NP-exposed zebrafish. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM.
| Biomarker | WT (n = 10) | C70 (0.5 ppm) | C70 (1.5 ppm) | Unit | Significance | ANOVA F Value | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muscle | |||||||
| ROS | 2.95 ± 0.12 | 5.62 ± 0.26 *** | 8.46 ± 0.25 **** | U/ug of total protein | YES | F (2, 6) = 157.2 | p < 0.0001 |
| CAT | 3.03 ± 0.13 | 5.01 ± 0.44 ** | 3.82 ± 0.01 NS | U/ug of total protein | YES | F (2, 6) = 14.10 | p = 0.0054 |
| SOD | 6.19 ± 0.78 | 14.38 ± 0.34 *** | 14.34 ± 0.54 *** | U/ug of total protein | YES | F (2, 6) = 66.33 | p < 0.0001 |
| TBARS | 5.60 ± 0.34 | 7.39 ± 0.36 * | 8.37 ± 0.29 ** | ng/ug of total protein | YES | F (2, 6) = 17.92 | p = 0.0029 |
| MDA | 0.15 ± 0.00 | 0.20 ± 0.01 * | 0.22 ± 0.01 * | ng/ug of total protein | YES | F (2, 6) = 8.826 | p = 0.0163 |
| Cortisol | 17.95 ± 0.90 | 20.87 ± 1.17 NS | 23.95 ± 0.66 ** | pg/ug of total protein | YES | F (2, 6) = 10.3 | p = 0.0114 |
| Hif1-α | 11.65 ± 0.54 | 17.60 ± 0.87 ** | 18.45 ± 1.00 ** | pg/ug of total protein | YES | F (2, 6) = 20.05 | p = 0.0022 |
| ssDNA | 0.61 ± 0.01 | 0.81 ± 0.07 * | 0.89 ± 0.05 ** | U/ug of total protein | YES | F (2, 6) = 9.408 | p = 0.0141 |
| TNF-α | 6.86 ± 0.41 | 8.90 ± 0.33 ** | 11.76 ± 0.26 *** | pg/ug of total protein | YES | F (2, 6) = 52.24 | p = 0.0002 |
| IL1-β | 0.42 ± 0.05 | 0.47 ± 0.02 NS | 0.57 ± 0.03 * | ng/ug of total protein | YES | F (2, 6) = 5.946 | p = 0.0377 |
| ATP | 363.60 ± 9.02 | 343.60 ± 15.23 NS | 282.20 ± 9.30 ** | ng/ug of total protein | YES | F (2, 6) = 13.5 | p = 0.0060 |
| CK | 3.06 ± 0.14 | 4.78 ± 0.34 ** | 2.79 ± 0.14 NS | pg/ug of total protein | YES | F (2, 6) = 22.17 | p = 0.0017 |
| Brain | |||||||
| ROS | 0.90 ± 0.03 | 1.61 ± 0.19 NS | 3.53 ± 0.64 ** | U/ug of total protein | YES | F (2, 6) = 12.38 | p = 0.0074 |
| SOD | 2.20 ± 0.06 | 3.44 ± 0.08 **** | 3.28 ± 0.09 *** | U/ug of total protein | YES | F (2, 6) = 73.1 | p < 0.0001 |
| Cortisol | 3.47 ± 0.13 | 4.76 ± 0.08 * | 4.91 ± 0.51 * | pg/ug of total protein | YES | F (2, 6) = 6.561 | p = 0.0309 |
| Hif1-α | 4.26 ± 0.11 | 4.91 ± 0.16 NS | 6.86 ± 0.37 *** | pg/ug of total protein | YES | F (2, 6) = 32.09 | p = 0.0006 |
| ssDNA | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.28 ± 0.09 NS | 0.37 ± 0.02 * | U/ug of total protein | YES | F (2, 6) = 5.274 | p = 0.0477 |
| ACh | 4.44 ± 0.15 | 4.61 ± 0.08 NS | 2.93 ± 0.31 ** | U/ug of total protein | YES | F (2, 6) = 20.92 | p = 0.0020 |
| AChE | 0.70 ± 0.10 | 0.77 ± 0.02 NS | 1.03 ± 0.08 ** | U/ug of total protein | YES | F (2, 6) = 12.75 | p = 0.0069 |
| Melatonin | 1.02 ± 0.03 | 0.94 ± 0.04 NS | 0.68 ± 0.03 *** | pg/ug of total protein | YES | F (2, 6) = 31.66 | p = 0.0006 |
| Serotonin | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.22 ± 0.01 NS | 0.14 ± 0.00 ** | ng/ug of total protein | YES | F (2, 6) = 31.05 | p = 0.0007 |
| Dopamine | 9.04 ± 0.08 | 9.30 ± 0.20 NS | 6.92 ± 0.09 **** | pg/ug of total protein | YES | F (2, 6) = 95.27 | p < 0.0001 |
| COX-1 | 0.16 ± 0.00 | 0.18 ± 0.00 NS | 0.38 ± 0.01 **** | U/pg of total protein | YES | F (2, 6) = 258.2 | p < 0.0001 |
| COX-2 | 0.74 ± 0.01 | 0.94 ± 0.12 NS | 0.64 ± 0.03 NS | U/pg of total protein | YES | F (2, 6) = 4.32 | p = 0.0688 |
| Gills | |||||||
| CAT | 1.44 ± 0.03 | 1.64 ± 0.02 ** | 1.30 ± 0.03 * | U/ug of total protein | YES | F (2, 6) = 44.21 | p = 0.0003 |
| TBARS | 1.71 ± 0.14 | 1.64 ± 0.06 NS | 2.30 ± 0.68 NS | ng/ug of total protein | NO | F (2, 6) = 0.821 | p = 0.4842 |
| MDA | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.00 NS | 0.11 ± 0.00 ** | ng/ug of total protein | YES | F (2, 6) = 21.29 | p = 0.0019 |
| TNF-α | 3.06 ± 0.10 | 2.98 ± 0.03 NS | 8.68 ± 0.74 *** | pg/ug of total protein | YES | F (2, 6) = 56.94 | p = 0.0001 |
N.S. = not significant, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001.