Table 1.

Clinical applications of melatonin in neonatal diseases.

Clinical Condition	Study Design	Main Results	References
Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic	Thirty newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy received enteral dose of melatonin 10 mg/kg daily for five days	Reduced mortality and improved brain injury	[63]
Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic	Ten asphyxiated newborns received a total of 80 mg of melatonin (eight doses of 10 mg each separated by 2 hr intervals) orally.	Reduced mortality	[64]
Respiratory distress syndrome	Sixty newborns received 10 intravenous injections of melatonin (10 mg/kg each)	Reduced proinflammatory cytokines	[65]
Respiratory distress syndrome grade 3–4	Twenty-four newborns received 10 intravenous injections of melatonin (10 mg/kg each)	Reduced proinflammatory cytokines and improved outcome	[66]
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia with ventilator	Fifty-five preterm newborns received 10 intravenous injections of melatonin (10 mg/kg each)	Reduced proinflammatory cytokines and improved outcome	[67]
Sepsis	Ten septic newborns received a total of 20 mg oral melatonin in two doses of 10 mg each, with a 1 h interval.	Reduced mortality	[68]
Surgery	Five newborns received a total of 10 doses of melatonin (10 mg/kg) 3 h after the end of surgery.	Reduced proinflammatory cytokines and nitrate/nitrite levels	[69]
Adjunct analgesic therapy	Thirty preterm newborns received 10 mg/kg of intravenous melatonin prior to intubation	Reduced pain score and proinflammatory cytokines	[70]

Studies tabulated according to clinical condition.