Table 1.
Investigations targeting the stress variable.
| Author/s (Year) | Country | Educational Stage (Range or Average Age) *1 |
Sample (EG-CG) *2 | Study Type | Intervention Strategy *3 | Instrument *4 | Effect Size (d) | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aboalshamat, Hou, and Strodl (2015) [37] | Saudi Arabia | UE (20–22) |
130 (65-65) |
Quasi-experimental (6 weeks) |
Self-development programme (HBUSS) |
DASS-21 | −0.066 | [−0.410, 0.277] |
| Bennett and Dorjee (2016) [19] | Wales | SE (16–18) |
24 (11-13) |
Quasi-experimental (8 weeks) |
MBSR | DASS-21 | −0.402 | [−1.213, 0.408] |
| Berger, Gelkopf, and Heineberg (2012) [38] | Israel | SE (12.8 ± 1.0) |
154 (107-47) |
Quasi-experimental (16 sessions) |
EES | DSM IV | −0.480 | [−0.830, −0.142] |
| Bluth, Gaylord, Campo, Mullarkey, and Hobbs (2016) [39] | USA | SE (14–17) |
34 (16-18) |
Quasi-experimental (6 weeks) |
MFY | PSS | −0.823 | [−1.524, −0.122] |
| Breso, Schaufeli, Salanova (2011) [40] | Spain | UE (18–26) |
71 (21-50) |
Quasi-experimental (4 sessions) |
CBT | MBI-SS | −0.330 | [−0.842, 0.182] |
| Burckhardt, Manicavasagar, Batterham, Hadzi-Pavlovic (2016) [41] | Australia | SE (15–18) |
46 (24-22) |
Quasi-experimental (12 weeks) |
Strong Minds Condition (mindfulness) | DASS-21 | −0.290 | [−0.872, 0.291] |
| Delgado, Ciria, Blanca, Mata, Vera, and Vila (2015) [42] | Spain | UE (21.5 ± 3.94) |
41 (27-14) |
Quasi-experimental (3 weeks) |
MBSR | PSS | −0.745 | [−1.410, −0.08] |
| Gallego, Aguilar, Cangas, Rosado, and Langer (2016) [43] | Spain | UE (18–49) |
282 (237-45) |
Quasi-experimental (16 sessions) |
Mindfulness (MBCT) |
DASS-21 | −0.561 | [−0.929, −0.192] |
| Yoga | −0.094 | [−0.456, 0.266] | ||||||
| Tai Chi | −0.301 | [−0.680, 0.076] | ||||||
| Holm, Tyssen, Stordal, and Haver (2010) [44] | Norway | UE (23.6 ± 3.4) |
140 (47-93) |
Quasi-experimental (12 sessions/12 weeks) |
Self-development and discussion groups | PMSS | −0.061 | [−0.412, 0.288] |
| Kang, Choi, and Ryu (2009) [45] | South Korea | UE (22.47 ± 1.17) |
32 (16-16) |
Quasi-experimental (8 sessions) |
MBSR | PWI-SF | −0.642 | [−1.353, 0.068] |
| Lynch, Gander, Kohls, Kudielka, and Walach (2011) [46] | England | UE (19–46) |
16 (10-6) |
Quasi-experimental (8 sessions) |
MBCUL (MBCT/MBSR) |
PSS | −0.448 | [−1.472, 0.575] |
| Phang, Mukhtar, Ibrahim, Keng, and Sidik (2015) [47] | Malaysia | UE (21.04 ± 1.13) |
75 (37-38) |
Quasi-experimental (5 weeks) |
MBSM (MBCT/MBSR) |
PSS | −0.669 | [−1.135, −0.204] |
| Phang, Chiang, Ng, Keng, and Oei (2016) [48] | Malaysia | UE (21–25) |
104 | Pre-experimental (4 weeks) |
Mindful-Gym (MBCT/MBSR) |
PSS | −0.567 | [−0.844, −0.290] |
| Raes et al. (2014) [18] | Belgium | SE (13–20) |
357 (182-175) |
Quasi-experimental (8 weeks) |
MBCT | DASS-21 | −0.443 | [−0.653, −0.233] |
| Shian-Ling, Cheng-Kar, and Tian Po (2015) [49] | Malaysia | UE (21–24) |
134 (77-57) |
Quasi-experimental (4 weeks) |
Mindful-Gym | PSS | −0.174 | [−0.517, 0.168] |
| Song and Lindquist (2015) [20] | South Korea | UE (19.6 ± 1.7) |
44 (21-23) |
Quasi-experimental (10 weeks) |
MBSR | DASS-21 | −0.866 | [−1.484, −0.247] |
| Spadaro and Hunker (2016) [50] | USA | UE (18–25) |
26 | Pre-experimental (8 weeks) |
MBSR | PSS | −0.352 | [−0.9, 0.195] |
| Steinhardt and Dolbier (2008) [51] | USA | UE (18–53) |
57 (30-27) |
Quasi-experimental (4 weeks) |
Transforming Lives Resilience Education | CD–RISC | 0.467 | [−0.06, 0.993] |
| Taylor et al. (2014) [23] | England | UE (28.61 ± 9.12) |
79 (40-39) |
Quasi-experimental (8 weeks) |
MBCT-SH | DASS-21 | −0.576 | [−1.026, −0.126] |
| Van Gordon, Shonin, Sumich, Sundin, and Griffiths (2014) [52] | England | UE (20–42) |
25 (14-11) |
Quasi-experimental (8 weeks) |
MAT | DASS-21 | −1.297 | [−2.165, −0.429] |
Note. * 1 Secondary Education (SE); University Education (UE). * 2 Control group (CG); Experimental group (EG). * 3 “How to Be an Ultra Super Student” (HBUSS); Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR); ERASE-Stress extension (EES); Making Friends With Yourself: A Mindful Self-compassion Program for Teens (MFY); Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT); Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT); Mindfulness-based Coping with University Life (MBCUL); Mindfulness-based stress management (MBSM) ** MBCT self-help (MBCT-SH); Meditation Awareness Training (MAT). * 4 Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales, 21 item version (DASS-21): Perceived Stress Scale (PSS); Scale of Academic Burnout Syndrome (MBI-SS); Perceived Medical School Stress (PMSS); The psychosocial wellbeing index-short form (PWI-SF); Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD–RISC) ** Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ).