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. 2019 Nov 10;16(22):4394. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16224394

Table 5.

List of studies targeting depression.

Author/s (Year) Country Educational Stage
(Range or Average Age)*1
Sample
(EG-CG)*2
Study Type Intervention Strategy*3 Instrument*4 Effect Size (d) CI to 95%
Aboalshamat, Hou, and Strodl (2015) [37] Saudi Arabia UE
(20–22)
130
(65-65)
Quasi-experimental
(6 weeks)
Self-Development Program (HBUSS) DASS-21 −0.226 [−0.571, 0.118]
Ando (2011) [9] Japan UE
(19.1 ± 1.5)
191
(157-34)
Quasi-experimental
(11 sessions/11 weeks)
Successful Self Program. Profile of Mood Status −0.361 [−0.733, 0.011]
Bennett and Dorjee (2016) [19] Wales ES
(16–18)
24
(11-13)
Quasi-experimental
(8 weeks)
MBSR DASS-21 −0.566 [−1.385, 0.252]
Bluth, Gaylord, Campo, Mullarkey, and Hobbs (2016) [39] USA SE
(14–17)
34
(16-18)
Quasi-experimental
(6 weeks)
MFY SMFQ −0.611 [−1.299, 0.078]
Brennan, McGrady, Lynch, Schaefer, Whearty (2016) [54] USA UE
(23.3 ± 2.3)
42 Pre-experimental
(4 sessions per semester)
Stress management and relaxation strategy BDI-II −0.035 [−0.463, 0.392]
Burckhardt, Manicavasagar, Batterham, Hadzi-Pavlovic (2016) [41] Australia SE
(15–18)
46
(24-22)
Quasi-experimental
(12 weeks)
Strong Minds Condition (mindfulness) DASS-21 −0.264 [−0.845, 0.316]
Chen, Yang, Wang, and Zhang (2013) [55] China UE
(19.5 ± 0.87)
60
(30-30)
Quasi-experimental
(7 sessions/1 week)
Mindfulness meditation training SDS 0.086 [−0.419, 0.592]
Delgado, Ciria, Blanca, Mata, Vera, and Vila (2015) [42] Spain UE
(21.5 ± 3.94)
41
(27-14)
Quasi-experimental
(3 weeks)
MBSR BDI −0.607 [−1.266, 0.051]
Dvorakova et al. (2017) [21] USA UE
(18.2 ± 0.4)
109
(55-54)
Quasi-experimental
(8 sessions/6 weeks)
Mindfulness (L2B) PHQ −0.245 [−0.622, 0.131]
Gallego, Aguilar, Cangas, Rosado, and Langer (2016) [43] Spain UE
(18–49)
282
(237-45)
Quasi-experimental (16 sessions) Mindfulness
(MBCT)
DASS-21 −0.353 [−0.717, 0.011]
Yoga −0.474 [−0.840, −0.108]
Tai Chi −0.056 [−0.432, 0.320]
Jain et al. (2007) [62] USA UE
(18–61)
81
(51-30)
Quasi-experimental
(4 weeks)
Mindfulness (MBSR) DER −0.842 [−1.384, −0.299]
Relaxation training 0.202 [−0.335, 0.740]
Johnson et al. (2016) [22] Australia SE
(13.63 ± 0.43)
258
(111-147)
Quasi-experimental
(12 weeks)
MBCT/MBSR DASS-21 −0.067 [−0.314, 0.178]
Kang, Choi, and Ryu (2009) [45] South Korea UE
(22.47 ± 1.17)
32
(16-16)
Quasi-experimental
(8 sessions)
MBSR BDI −0.703 [−1.417, 0.010]
Lynch, Gander, Kohls, Kudielka, and Walach (2011) [46] England UE
(19–46)
16
(10-6)
Quasi-experimental
(8 sessions)
MBCUL
(MBCT/MBSR)
HADS −0.318 [−1.336, 0.700]
McGrady, Brennan, Lynch, and Whearty (2012) [56] USA UE
(23.4 ± 2.36)
134
(52-82)
Quasi-experimental
(8 sessions)
Wellness strategies BDI-II −0.214 [−0.562, 0.134]
Raes et al. (2014) [18] Belgium SE
(13–20)
357
(182-175)
Quasi-experimental
(8 sessions)
MBCT DASS-21 −0.443 [−0.653, −0.233]
Roberts-Wolfe, Sacchet, Hastings, Roth, and Britton (2012) [63] USA UE
(20.10 ± 2.67)
58
(35-23)
Quasi-experimental
(12 weeks)
Samatha and Vipassana MASQ −0.247 [−0.775, 0.280]
Ruiz-Aranda, Salguero, Cabello, Palomera, and Fernández-Berrocal (2012) [58] Spain SE
(13–16)
147
(78-69)
Quasi-experimental
(10 weeks)
Training program (INTEMO Project) BASC −0.319 [−0.644, 0.007]
Shearer, Hunt, Chowdhury, and Nicol (2016) [59] USA UE
(-)
74
(52-22)
Quasi-experimental
(4 weeks)
MBSR BDI-II −0.270 [−0.770, 0.230]
Shian-Ling, Cheng-Kar, and Tian Po (2015) [49] Malaysia UE
(21–24)
134
(77-57)
Quasi-experimental
(4 weeks)
Mindful-Gym DASS-21 −0.445 [−0.791, −0.098]
Song and Lindquist (2015) [20] South Korea UE
(19.6 ± 1.7)
44
(21-23)
Quasi-experimental
(10 weeks)
MBSR DASS-21 −0.715 [−1.325, −0.104]
Spadaro and Hunker (2016) [50] USA UE
(18–25)
26 Pre-experimental
(8 weeks)
MBSR HADS 0.072 [−0.471, 0.616]
Steinhardt and Dolbier (2008) [51] USA UE
(18–53)
57
(30-27)
Quasi-experimental
(4 weeks)
Transforming Lives Resilience Education CD–RISC 0.467 [−0.06, 0.993]
Taylor et al. (2014) [23] England UE
(28.61 ± 9.12)
79
(40-39)
Quasi-experimental
(8 weeks)
MBCT-SH DASS-21 −0.465 [−0.912, −0.018]
Van Gordon, Shonin, Sumich, Sundin, and Griffiths (2014) [52] England UE
(20–42)
25
(14-11)
Quasi-experimental
(8 weeks)
MAT DASS-21 −1.297 [−2.165, −0.429]

Note. *1 Primary Education (PE); Secondary Education (SE); University Education (UE). *2 Control group (CG); Experimental group (EG). *3 “How to Be an Ultra Super Student” (HBUSS); Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR); Making Friends With Yourself: A Mindful Self-compassion Program for Teens” (MFY); Mindfulness program Learning to BREATHE (L2B); Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT); Mindfulness-based Coping with University Life (MBCUL); MBCT self-help; Meditation Awareness Training (MAT). *4 Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales, 21 item version (DASS-21); Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ); Beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II); Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS); Beck depression inventory (BDI); The Primary Health Questionnaire (PHQ); Daily Emotion Report (DER); The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); The mood and anxiety symptom questionnaire (MASQ); Behavior Assessment System for Children and Adolescents (BASC); Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD–RISC).