Table 5.
List of studies targeting depression.
| Author/s (Year) | Country | Educational Stage (Range or Average Age)*1 |
Sample (EG-CG)*2 |
Study Type | Intervention Strategy*3 | Instrument*4 | Effect Size (d) | CI to 95% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aboalshamat, Hou, and Strodl (2015) [37] | Saudi Arabia | UE (20–22) |
130 (65-65) |
Quasi-experimental (6 weeks) |
Self-Development Program (HBUSS) | DASS-21 | −0.226 | [−0.571, 0.118] |
| Ando (2011) [9] | Japan | UE (19.1 ± 1.5) |
191 (157-34) |
Quasi-experimental (11 sessions/11 weeks) |
Successful Self Program. | Profile of Mood Status | −0.361 | [−0.733, 0.011] |
| Bennett and Dorjee (2016) [19] | Wales | ES (16–18) |
24 (11-13) |
Quasi-experimental (8 weeks) |
MBSR | DASS-21 | −0.566 | [−1.385, 0.252] |
| Bluth, Gaylord, Campo, Mullarkey, and Hobbs (2016) [39] | USA | SE (14–17) |
34 (16-18) |
Quasi-experimental (6 weeks) |
MFY | SMFQ | −0.611 | [−1.299, 0.078] |
| Brennan, McGrady, Lynch, Schaefer, Whearty (2016) [54] | USA | UE (23.3 ± 2.3) |
42 | Pre-experimental (4 sessions per semester) |
Stress management and relaxation strategy | BDI-II | −0.035 | [−0.463, 0.392] |
| Burckhardt, Manicavasagar, Batterham, Hadzi-Pavlovic (2016) [41] | Australia | SE (15–18) |
46 (24-22) |
Quasi-experimental (12 weeks) |
Strong Minds Condition (mindfulness) | DASS-21 | −0.264 | [−0.845, 0.316] |
| Chen, Yang, Wang, and Zhang (2013) [55] | China | UE (19.5 ± 0.87) |
60 (30-30) |
Quasi-experimental (7 sessions/1 week) |
Mindfulness meditation training | SDS | 0.086 | [−0.419, 0.592] |
| Delgado, Ciria, Blanca, Mata, Vera, and Vila (2015) [42] | Spain | UE (21.5 ± 3.94) |
41 (27-14) |
Quasi-experimental (3 weeks) |
MBSR | BDI | −0.607 | [−1.266, 0.051] |
| Dvorakova et al. (2017) [21] | USA | UE (18.2 ± 0.4) |
109 (55-54) |
Quasi-experimental (8 sessions/6 weeks) |
Mindfulness (L2B) | PHQ | −0.245 | [−0.622, 0.131] |
| Gallego, Aguilar, Cangas, Rosado, and Langer (2016) [43] | Spain | UE (18–49) |
282 (237-45) |
Quasi-experimental (16 sessions) |
Mindfulness (MBCT) |
DASS-21 | −0.353 | [−0.717, 0.011] |
| Yoga | −0.474 | [−0.840, −0.108] | ||||||
| Tai Chi | −0.056 | [−0.432, 0.320] | ||||||
| Jain et al. (2007) [62] | USA | UE (18–61) |
81 (51-30) |
Quasi-experimental (4 weeks) |
Mindfulness (MBSR) | DER | −0.842 | [−1.384, −0.299] |
| Relaxation training | 0.202 | [−0.335, 0.740] | ||||||
| Johnson et al. (2016) [22] | Australia | SE (13.63 ± 0.43) |
258 (111-147) |
Quasi-experimental (12 weeks) |
MBCT/MBSR | DASS-21 | −0.067 | [−0.314, 0.178] |
| Kang, Choi, and Ryu (2009) [45] | South Korea | UE (22.47 ± 1.17) |
32 (16-16) |
Quasi-experimental (8 sessions) |
MBSR | BDI | −0.703 | [−1.417, 0.010] |
| Lynch, Gander, Kohls, Kudielka, and Walach (2011) [46] | England | UE (19–46) |
16 (10-6) |
Quasi-experimental (8 sessions) |
MBCUL (MBCT/MBSR) |
HADS | −0.318 | [−1.336, 0.700] |
| McGrady, Brennan, Lynch, and Whearty (2012) [56] | USA | UE (23.4 ± 2.36) |
134 (52-82) |
Quasi-experimental (8 sessions) |
Wellness strategies | BDI-II | −0.214 | [−0.562, 0.134] |
| Raes et al. (2014) [18] | Belgium | SE (13–20) |
357 (182-175) |
Quasi-experimental (8 sessions) |
MBCT | DASS-21 | −0.443 | [−0.653, −0.233] |
| Roberts-Wolfe, Sacchet, Hastings, Roth, and Britton (2012) [63] | USA | UE (20.10 ± 2.67) |
58 (35-23) |
Quasi-experimental (12 weeks) |
Samatha and Vipassana | MASQ | −0.247 | [−0.775, 0.280] |
| Ruiz-Aranda, Salguero, Cabello, Palomera, and Fernández-Berrocal (2012) [58] | Spain | SE (13–16) |
147 (78-69) |
Quasi-experimental (10 weeks) |
Training program (INTEMO Project) | BASC | −0.319 | [−0.644, 0.007] |
| Shearer, Hunt, Chowdhury, and Nicol (2016) [59] | USA | UE (-) |
74 (52-22) |
Quasi-experimental (4 weeks) |
MBSR | BDI-II | −0.270 | [−0.770, 0.230] |
| Shian-Ling, Cheng-Kar, and Tian Po (2015) [49] | Malaysia | UE (21–24) |
134 (77-57) |
Quasi-experimental (4 weeks) |
Mindful-Gym | DASS-21 | −0.445 | [−0.791, −0.098] |
| Song and Lindquist (2015) [20] | South Korea | UE (19.6 ± 1.7) |
44 (21-23) |
Quasi-experimental (10 weeks) |
MBSR | DASS-21 | −0.715 | [−1.325, −0.104] |
| Spadaro and Hunker (2016) [50] | USA | UE (18–25) |
26 | Pre-experimental (8 weeks) |
MBSR | HADS | 0.072 | [−0.471, 0.616] |
| Steinhardt and Dolbier (2008) [51] | USA | UE (18–53) |
57 (30-27) |
Quasi-experimental (4 weeks) |
Transforming Lives Resilience Education | CD–RISC | 0.467 | [−0.06, 0.993] |
| Taylor et al. (2014) [23] | England | UE (28.61 ± 9.12) |
79 (40-39) |
Quasi-experimental (8 weeks) |
MBCT-SH | DASS-21 | −0.465 | [−0.912, −0.018] |
| Van Gordon, Shonin, Sumich, Sundin, and Griffiths (2014) [52] | England | UE (20–42) |
25 (14-11) |
Quasi-experimental (8 weeks) |
MAT | DASS-21 | −1.297 | [−2.165, −0.429] |
Note. *1 Primary Education (PE); Secondary Education (SE); University Education (UE). *2 Control group (CG); Experimental group (EG). *3 “How to Be an Ultra Super Student” (HBUSS); Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR); Making Friends With Yourself: A Mindful Self-compassion Program for Teens” (MFY); Mindfulness program Learning to BREATHE (L2B); Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT); Mindfulness-based Coping with University Life (MBCUL); MBCT self-help; Meditation Awareness Training (MAT). *4 Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales, 21 item version (DASS-21); Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ); Beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II); Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS); Beck depression inventory (BDI); The Primary Health Questionnaire (PHQ); Daily Emotion Report (DER); The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); The mood and anxiety symptom questionnaire (MASQ); Behavior Assessment System for Children and Adolescents (BASC); Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD–RISC).