Table 3.
Anthropometric characteristics of study participants (mean ± SD) before and after 8-week trial. Significant interaction effects (ηp2 ≥ 0.14) and effect sizes (d ≥ 0.50) are highlighted in bold.
| Parameter | Experimental Group (n = 10) | Control Group (n = 10) | Variance Analysis/Effects | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Time | Group × Time | |||||
| d | d | p | ηp2 | p | ηp2 | |||||
| Body mass (kg) | 86.5 ± 5.0 | 84.4 ± 4.6 | 0.44 | 80.0 ± 8.5 | 80.0 ± 8.1 | 0 | 0.002 | 0.433 | 0.002 | 0.433 |
| Body fat (%) | 13.8 ± 0.6 | 13.4 ± 0.6 | 0.66 | 12.7 ± 1.7 | 12.7 ± 1.6 | 0 | 0.001 | 0.462 | 0.003 | 0.391 |
| Upper limb muscle volume (L) | 3.2 ± 0.1 | 3.9 ± 0.1 | 7.00 | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 3.2 ± 0.1 | 0.23 | <0.001 | 0.933 | <0.001 | 0.920 |