Table 1.
Characteristics of the Studies Included in This Meta-Analysis.
| First Author | Year | Study Location | Sample Size | Mean Age | Proportion of Female Gender | Prevalence of Suicide Attempts | Prevalence of Suicide Plans | Prevalence of Suicide Ideation | Prevalence of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury | Prevalence of Deliberate Self-Harm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abell [33] | 2012 | Jamaica | 2997 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 12M:0.097 | NA | NA |
| Altangerel [34] | 2014 | Mongolian | 5191 | NA | 0.567 | 12M: 0.086 | 12M:0.125 | 12M: 0.196 | NA | NA |
| Asante [35] | 2017 | Ghana | 1984 | NA | 0.458 | 12M: 0.221 | 12M:0.221 | 12M: 0.181 | NA | NA |
| Atlam [36] | 2017 | Turkey | 2973 | NA | 0.548 | NA | LT: 0.248 | NA | NA | LT: 0.154 |
| Baetens [37] | 2011 | Belgium | 1417 | 15.13 | 0.814 | NA | NA | LT: 0.605 | LT: 0.216 | NA |
| Begum [38] | 2017 | Bangladesh | 2476 | NA | NA | NA | NA | LT:0.05 | NA | NA |
| Benjet [39] | 2017 | Mexico | 1071 | NA | 0.57 | NA | NA | NA | LT: 0.186 | NA |
| Borges [40] | 2011 | United States | 1004 | NA | 0.56 | NA | NA | 12M: | NA | 12M: 0.076 |
| Brunner [41] | 2007 | Germany | 5759 | 14.9 | 0.498 | LT: 0.079 | LT: 0.065 | LT: 0.144 | NA | LT: 0.149 |
| Brunner [42] | 2014 | Various European countries | 12073 | 14.9 | 0.556 | NA | NA | NA | NA | LT:0.275 |
| Calvete [43] | 2015 | Spain | 1864 | 15.32 | 0.514 | NA | NA | NA | 12M: 0.536 | NA |
| Carvalho [44] | 2017 | Brazil | 1763 | 16.75 | 0.53 | NA | NA | LT: 0.22 | LT:0296 | NA |
| Cerutti [45] | 2011 | Italy | 234 | 16.47 | 0.5 | NA | NA | NA | NA | LT: 0.419 |
| Chan [46] | 2008 | Hong Kong | 10239 | NA | NA | NA | NA | LT: 0.291 | NA | NA |
| Chan [46] | 2008 | Hong Kong | 5688 | NA | NA | NA | NA | LT: 0.269 | NA | NA |
| Cheung [47] | 2013 | Hong Kong | 2317 | 16.4 | 0.548 | 12M: 0.0967 | NA | 12M: 0.143 | 12M: 0.14 | NA |
| Choquet [48] | 1990 | France | 1519 | 14.7 | 0.45 | NA | NA | 12M:0.18 | NA | NA |
| Chou [49] | 2013 | Taiwan | 2835 | 19.75 | 0.554 | 12M: 0.105 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Claes [50] | 2013 | Belgium | 532 | 15.11 | 0.258 | NA | NA | NA | LT: 0.265 | NA |
| Coughlan [51] | 2014 | Ireland | 212 | 11.54 | 0.519 | LT: 0.005 | NA | LT: 0.068 | LT: 0.066 | 0.068 |
| Donald [52] | 2001 | Australia | 3082 | NA | NA | LT: 0.0185 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Doyle [53] | 2015 | Ireland | 856 | NA | 0.5 | NA | NA | NA | NA | LT: 0.12 |
| Fleming [54] | 2007 | New Zealand | 9570 | NA | 0.539 | 12M:0.078 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Garisch [55] | 2015 | New Zealand | 1162 | 16.35 | 0.615 | NA | NA | NA | LT: 0.696 | NA |
| Ghrayeb [56] | 2014 | Palestine | 720 | 15.4 | 0.496 | NA | 12M: 0.253 | 12M: 0.246 | NA | NA |
| Giletta [57] | 2012 | Italy, Netherlands, United States | 1862 | 15.69 | 0.49 | NA | NA | NA | 12M: 0.24 | NA |
| Gonzalez-Forteza [55] | 2005 | Mexico | 2531 | 16.67 | 0.544 | 0.808 | NA | NA | NA | LT: 0.072 |
| Grunbaum [58] | 2001 | United States | 16262 | 16.16 | NA | 12M: 0.077 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Han [59] | 2016 | United States | 135300 | NA | 0.498 | 12M: 0.013 | 12M:0.0214 | 12M: 0.069 | NA | NA |
| Han [60] | 2018 | United States | 17000 | NA | NA | 12M:0.016 | 12M:0.027 | 12M: 0.083 | NA | NA |
| Hawton [61] | 2002 | United Kingdom | 5801 | NA | 0.466 | NA | NA | 12M: 0.149 | NA | 12M: 0.069 |
| Hesketh [62] | 2002 | China | 1576 | NA | NA | LT: 0.090 | NA | LT: 0.160 | NA | NA |
| Kądziela-Olech [63] | 2015 | Poland | 2220 | 16.7 | 0.463 | NA | NA | NA | 12M:0.048 | 12M:0.083 |
| Kang [64] | 2015 | South Korea | 72623 | NA | NA | 12M: 0.049 | 12M: 0.191 | 12M:0.191 | NA | NA |
| Kataoka [65] | 2014 | Japan | 9778 | NA | 0.486 | NA | NA | 12M: 0.05 | NA | NA |
| Kidger [66] | 2012 | England | 4855 | 16.67 | 0.589 | NA | NA | NA | NA | LT: 0.186 |
| Kvernmo [67] | 2009 | Norway | 447 | 14.7 | 0.526 | NA | NA | 12M:0.161 | NA | LT: 0.136 |
| Kirmayer [68] | 1996 | Canada | 99 | 19.4 | 0.516 | LT: 0.341 | NA | LT: 0.429 | NA | NA |
| Larsson [69] | 2008 | Norway | 2464 | 13.7 | 0.508 | LT: 0.030 | NA | LT: 0.040 | LT: 0.029 | NA |
| Laskyte [70] | 2009 | Lithuania | 3848 | NA | 0.572 | NA | NA | NA | NA | LT:0.07 |
| Law [13] | 2013 | Hong Kong | 2579 | 12 | 0.5 | 12M: 0.039 | NA | 12M:0.046 | NA | 12M:0.233 |
| Laukkanen [71] | 2009 | Finland | 4205 | 15.58 | 0.536 | NA | NA | NA | NA | LT: 0.217 |
| Le [72] | 2011 | Vietnam | 7584 | NA | 0.560 | LT: 0.005 | NA | LT: 0.034 | NA | LT: 0.028 |
| Lee [73] | 2008 | South Korea | 368 | NA | 0.389 | LT: 0.033 | NA | TW: 0.098 | NA | NA |
| Lee [74] | 2013 | South Korea | 74698 | NA | 0.472 | 12M:0.0597 | NA | 12M:0.238 | NA | NA |
| Lewinsohn [75] | 1996 | USA | 1709 | NA | NA | LT: 0.071 | LT: 0.083 | LT: 0.129 | NA | NA |
| Lin [76] | 2017 | Taiwan | 2170 | 15.83 | 0.511 | NA | NA | NA | 12M:0.2 | NA |
| Liu [77] | 2018 | China | 11831 | 14.97 | 0.49 | LT: 0.040 | LT: 0.098 | LT: 0.205 | NA | NA |
| Lucassen [78] | 2011 | New Zealand | 9107 | NA | 0.46 | 12M: 0.042 | NA | 12M:0.125 | NA | 12M:0.184 |
| Madu [79] | 2003 | South America | 435 | 17.25 | 0.559 | LT: 0.209 | LT: 0.161 | LT: 0.371 | NA | NA |
| Mahfoud [80] | 2011 | Lebanon | 5109 | 13.8 | 0.543 | NA | NA | 12M: 0.157 | NA | NA |
| Madge [5] | 2008 | Australia/Belgium/ England/Hungary/ Ireland/The Netherlands/ Norway. | 30427 | 15.6 | 0.49 | NA | NA | NA | NA | LT: 0.089 |
| Matsumoto [81] | 2008 | Japan | 1726 | 14.5 | 0.51 | NA | NA | LT: 0.398 | NA | LT: 0.099 |
| McCann [82] | 2010 | Ireland | 3178 | NA | 0.59 | NA | NA | NA | NA | LT: 0.105 |
| Meehan [83] | 1992 | United States | 694 | NA | NA | LT: 0.104 | NA | LT 0.539 | NA | NA |
| Mohl [84] | 2011 | Denmark | 2864 | 17 | 0.608 | NA | NA | LT: 0.215 | NA | NA |
| Mojs [85] | 2012 | Poland | 1065 | NA | 0.72 | NA | NA | LT: 0.015 | NA | NA |
| Morey [86] | 2008 | Ireland | 3646 | 16.01 | 0.53 | NA | NA | LT: 0.056 | NA | LT: 0.091 |
| Morey [87] | 2017 | England | 2000 | 15.6 | 0.52 | NA | NA | NA | NA | LT: 0.155 |
| Muehlenkamp [88] | 2009 | United States | 1375 | 15.48 | 0.561 | LT: 0.065 | NA | NA | LT: 0.214 | NA |
| Muehlenkamp [89] | 2011 | United States | 390 | 16.27 | 0.549 | LT: 0.056 | NA | NA | LT 0.159 | NA |
| Nada-Raja [90] | 2004 | New Zealand | 966 | NA | 0.489 | LT: 0.092 | NA | LT: 0.090 | NA | LT: 0.135 |
| Nath [91] | 2012 | India | 1817 | 19.11 | NA | LT: 0.040 | NA | LT: 0.116 | NA | NA |
| Nixon [92] | 2008 | Canada | 568 | 15.2 | 0.537 | NA | NA | NA | LT: 0.169 | NA |
| Nobakht [93] | 2017 | Iran | 200 | NA | 0.5 | NA | NA | NA | NA | LT: 0.405 |
| Nock [94] | 2013 | USA | 6483 | NA | 0.482 | LT: 0.040 | LT: 0.040 | LT: 0.121 | NA | NA |
| O’Connor [95] | 2009 | Scotland | 1967 | NA | 0.534 | NA | NA | NA | NA | LT: 0.138 |
| Omigbodun [96] | 2008 | Nigeria | 1429 | 14.4 | 0.491 | 12M: 0.117 | NA | 12M: 0.229 | NA | NA |
| Patton [97] | 1997 | Australia | 1699 | NA | NA | 12M: 0.002 | NA | NA | NA | 12M: 0.051 |
| Pawlowska [98] | 2016 | Poland | 5685 | 17.18 | 0.3 | LT: 0.044 | LT: 0.150 | LT: 0.243 | NA | LT: 0.137 |
| Pérez-Amezcua [99] | 2010 | Mexico | 12424 | NA | 0.55 | LT: 0.088 | NA | LT: 0.466 | NA | NA |
| Plener [100] | 2009 | USA | 665 | 14.8 | 0.571 | LT: 0.065 | NA | LT: 0.359 | LT: 0.256 | NA |
| Portzky [101] | 2008 | Netherlands/Belgium | 8889 | 15.48 | 0.51 | NA | NA | NA | NA | LT: 0.072 |
| Rey Gex [102] | 1998 | Switzerland | 9268 | 17.46 | 0.431 | LT: 0.030 | NA | 12M: 0.172 | NA | NA |
| Rudatsikira [103] | 2007 | Guyana | 1197 | NA | 0.579 | NA | NA | 12M: 0.184 | NA | NA |
| Rudd [104] | 1989 | United States | 737 | NA | 0.61 | 12M: 0.056 | NA | 12M:0.437 | NA | NA |
| Sampasa-Kanyinga [105] | 2017 | Canada | 1922 | 14.4 | 0.54 | 12M: 0.029 | NA | 12M: 0.105 | NA | NA |
| Sarno [106] | 2010 | Italy | 578 | NA | 0.825 | NA | NA | NA | LT: 0.206 | NA |
| Shaikh [107] | 2014 | India | 5184 | NA | 0.248 | NA | 12M:0.076 | 12M: 0.033 | NA | NA |
| Shek [108] | 2012 | Hong Kong | 3328 | 12.59 | 0.472 | NA | 12M:0.0475 | 12M: 0.134 | NA | 12M: 0.327 |
| Sidhartha [109] | 2006 | India | 1205 | 14.73 | 0.4 | LT: 0.080 | NA | LT: 0.217 | NA | LT: 0.180 |
| Silviken [110] | 2007 | Norway | 2691 | 16.9 | 0.521 | LT: 0.095 | NA | SM: 0.151 | NA | NA |
| Soares [111] | 2015 | Brazil | 549 | NA | 0.801 | LT:0.027 | NA | LT: 0.118 | NA | NA |
| Somer [112] | 2015 | Turkey | 1656 | 16.8 | 0.55 | NA | NA | NA | LT: 0.313 | NA |
| Sornberger [113] | 2012 | Canada | 1744 | 14.92 | 0.508 | NA | NA | NA | LT: 0.245 | NA |
| Straub [114] | 2015 | Germany | 1117 | 14.83 | 0.527 | LT:0.056 | NA | LT: 0.317 | NA | NA |
| Tang [115] | 2011 | Hong Kong | 2013 | 15.6 | 0.453 | 12M: 0.0348 | NA | 12M:0.088 | 12M: 0.155 | NA |
| Tang [116] | 2018 | China | 15623 | 15.2 | 0.485 | 12M: 0.0443 | 12M:0.08 | 12M: 0.159 | 12M: 0.292 | NA |
| Teo [117] | 2011 | Australia | 207 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | LT: 0.14 |
| Thaku [118] | 2015 | India | 705 | NA | 0.488 | NA | NA | 12M: 0.309 | NA | NA |
| Toprak [119] | 2010 | Turkey | 636 | 19.36 | 0.539 | LT:0.072 | NA | LT: 0.126 | NA | LT: 0.171 |
| Tresno [120] | 2012 | Indonesia | 207 | 19.78 | NA | LT:0.121 | NA | NA | LT: 0.565 | NA |
| Valdez-Santiago [121] | 2017 | Mexico | 21509 | 15.4 | NA | LT: 0.027 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Vawda [122] | 2013 | South Africa | 222 | 13.3 | 0.482 | LT: 0.054 | LT: 0.059 | LT 0.225 | NA | NA |
| Ventura-Junca [123] | 2010 | Chile | 1567 | 16.2 | 0.459 | LT: 0.190 | NA | LT: 0.620 | NA | NA |
| Wan [124] | 2011 | China | 17622 | 16.1 | 0.512 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 12M: 0.17 |
| Whitlock [125] | 2011 | United States | 11529 | NA | 0.576 | NA | NA | NA | LT:0.154 | NA |
| Xin [126] | 2017 | China | 11880 | 14.62 | 0.505 | 12M: 0.0491 | 12M:0.11 | 12M: 0.209 | NA | 12M: 0.30 |
| Zetterqvist [127] | 2013 | Sweden | 3060 | NA | 0.505 | NA | NA | NA | 12M:0.356 | NA |
| Zubrick [128] | 2016 | Australia | 2563 | NA | 0.692 | 12M: 0.0241 | 12M: 0.052 | 12M: 0.075 | 12M:0.08 | NA |