Effects of SC extract on serum hormone level and testes tissues inflammatory biomarkers in VC-induced male SD rats. (A) Serum testosterone level, (B) serum luteinizing hormone (LH) level, (C) serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) level, (D) IL-6 level in testicular tissue, (E) TNF-α level in testicular tissue. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 10). Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. * p < 0.05 vs. CTR group, ** p < 0.01 vs. CTR group, *** p < 0.001 vs. CTR group, #
p < 0.05 vs. VC group, ##
p < 0.01 vs. VC group and ###
p < 0.001 vs. VC group, $
p < 0.05 vs. SC group, $$
p < 0.01 vs. SC group and $$$
p < 0.001 vs. SC group. CTR, control; SC 200, SC 200 mg/kg p.o; VC, varicocele; VC + SC 200, SC 200 mg/kg; SC, Schisandra chinensis; p.o., per oral; ANOVA, analysis of variance; SEM: standard error of the mean.