Figure 3.

Kidney histology analysis. Group categories abbreviations: (A) sham operated rat group; (B) sham operated + meldonium rat group; (C–E) ischemia/reperfusion rat group; (F) ischemia/reperfusion + meldonium rat group. (A,B) normal histological structure of glomeruli and tubules; (C) severe tubular necrosis with dilatation of the tubular structure; (D) tubular necrosis and cast formation, just rare cells showed apoptotic changes with dense nucleus and no inflammation (arrows); (E) the reduction or loss of brush border, dilatation of tubular lumina, necrosis of epithelial tubular cells as observed by the loss of nuclei (notice the loss of nuclei in many tubular cells marked by arrows); (F) moderate kidney damage, focal tubular necrosis, and moderate dilatation of the tubular structure.