Table 5.
Summarized effects of meldonium and I/R on the kidney carnitine, glucose, and lactic acid concentration; the protein expression levels of serum HMGB1 and kidney MnSOD; Bax, Bcl-2, HMGB1, Nrf2, HO-1, and total and phosphorylated p38/Akt; the kidney activities of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione S-transferase (GST); the kidney concentrations of sulfhydryl groups (SH) and lipid peroxides (TBARS); the serum, liver, adrenal gland, and kidney ascorbic/dehydroascorbic acid ratio (AA/DHA); the adrenal noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (AD) content; and the kidney fatty acids concentration. Group categories abbreviations: S—sham operated rat group; S + M—sham operated + meldonium rat group; I/R—ischemia/reperfusion rat group; I/R + M—ischemia/reperfusion + meldonium rat group. Up arrow — an increase; Down arrow — a decrease.
| Experiment Groups | S + M vs. S | I/R vs. S | I/R + M vs. I/R |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carnitine | ↓ | none | ↓ |
| Glucose | ↓ | none | ↓ |
| Lactic acid | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ |
| Bax/Bcl2 ratio | none | ↑ | ↓ |
| Serum HMGB1 | none | ↑ | ↓ |
| Kidney HMGB1 | none | ↑ | ↓ |
| MnSOD expression | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
| pp38/p38 ratio | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
| pAkt/Akt ratio | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
| Nrf2 | none | ↓ | ↑ |
| HO1 | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
| MnSOD | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
| CuZnSOD | ↓ | none | ↓ |
| CAT | none | ↓ | none |
| GSH-Px | none | none | ↓ |
| GR | none | none | ↓ |
| GST | none | none | none |
| SH | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
| TBARS | none | ↑ | ↓ |
| Kidney AA/DHA | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
| Liver AA/DHA | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
| Serum AA/DHA | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
| Adrenal AA/DHA | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
| Adrenal NA | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
| Adrenal AD | none | none | none |
| C14:0 | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
| C15:0 | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ |
| C16:0 | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
| C16:1 | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ |
| C17:0 | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ |
| C18:0 | ↑ | none | ↑ |
| C18:1 c + t | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
| C18:2 c + t | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
| C22:0 | none | ↑ | ↓ |
| C22:6 + C22:1 | none | ↑ | ↓ |