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Effects of stem cells. Stem cells improve the conditions in chronic wounds primarily through alteration of the microenvironment. Stem cells have been shown to produce pro-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-10, TGF-β, and VEGF. They also reduce the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines, mainly IL-1β, TNF-alpha and IL-6. Resolution of inflammation allows proliferation of fibroblasts and blood vessels, eventually resulting in repair as previously detailed.
