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. 2019 Nov 18;28:101389. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101389

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Monosodium Luminal (MSL) treatment to rats with Gulf War Illness (i.e., GWI rats) normalized the expression of several markers of oxidative stress in the brain and the blood. The bar charts in A1-A3 compare the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), and protein carbonyls (PCs) in the cerebral cortex of naïve, GWI rats receiving vehicle (GWI-VEH) and GWI rats receiving different doses of MSL (GWI-MSL40, GWI-MSL80, GWI-MSL160). Note that, concentrations of all three markers were upregulated in animals belonging to the GWI-VEH group, in comparison to the naïve control group. In contrast, GWI rats receiving MSL (particularly higher doses of MSL) displayed concentrations that are comparable to the naïve control group. The bar charts in B1–B2 compare the concentration of superoxide dismutase-2 (Sod-2) and Nrf-2 in the hippocampus of animals belonging to different groups. Note that, in comparison to naïve controls, animals in the GWI-VEH group displayed increased levels of Sod2 and Nrf-2, but MSL treatment did not alter their concentration. The bar charts in C1–C2 compare the concentration of MDA and PCs in the serum of animals belonging to different groups. Note that animals in the GWI-VEH group displayed elevated levels of MDA and PCs in the serum. Also, MSL treatment at 160 mg/kg reduced MDA concentration, and all doses of MSL treatment reduced the concentration of PCs in GWI rats. *, p < 0.05, **, p < 0.01, ***,p < 0.001, and ****, p < 0.0001; NS, not significant.