Table 1.
Genes that displayed increased expression in GWI rats but normalized to naïve control levels after MSL-GVT treatment. (ANOVA: p < 0.05–0.01; F = 3.0–4.7).
| Gene | Description | Function | Differences between groups (post hoc test)s |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ctsb | Cathepsin B | Involved in the proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein | Naïve versus GWI, p < 0.05; Naïve versus MSL40, MSL80 or MSL160, p > 0.05. |
| Dhcr24 | 24-Dehydrocholesterol Reductase | A oxidoreductase, involved in cholesterol biosynthesis | Naïve versus GWI, p < 0.05; Naïve versus MSL40, MSL80 or MSL160, p > 0.05. |
| Gsr | Glutathione-Disulfide Reductase | Reduces oxidized glutathione disulfide to the sulfhydryl form GSH | Naïve versus GWI, p < 0.05; Naïve versus MSL40, MSL80 or MSL160, p > 0.05. |
| Gstp1 | Glutathione S-Transferase Pi 1 | Involved in detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of many hydrophobic and electrophilic compounds with reduced glutathione | Naïve versus GWI, p < 0.05; Naïve versus MSL40, MSL80 or MSL160, p > 0.05. |
| Idh1 | Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1, Cytosolic | Converts isocitrate to 2- ketoglutarate to produce NADPH necessary for many cellular processes and protection against ROS | Naïve versus GWI, p < 0.05; Naïve versus MSL40, MSL80 or MSL160, p > 0.05. |
| Prdx1, 2, and 4 | Peroxiredoxins 1, 2 and 4 | Antioxidant enzymes involved in reducing hydrogen peroxide and alkyl hydroperoxides to water and alcohol with the use of reducing equivalents derived from thiol-containing donor molecules | Naïve versus GWI, p < 0.05–0.01; Prdx1: Naïve versus MSL40, MSL80 or MSL160, p > 0.05. Prdx2: Naïve versus MSL40, p < 0.05; Naïve versus MSL80 or MSL160, p > 0.05. Prdx4: Naïve versus MSL40, p < 0.05; Naïve versus MSL80 or MSL160, p > 0.05. |
| Prnp | Prion Protein | Membrane glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein that tends to aggregate into rod-like structures. | Naïve versus GWI, p < 0.05; Naïve versus MSL40, p < 0.05; Naïve versus MSL80 or MSL160, p > 0.05. |
| Ptgs2 | Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 | A key enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis, and acts both as a dioxygenase and as a peroxidase | Naïve versus GWI, p < 0.05; Naïve versus MSL40, MSL80 or MSL160, p > 0.05. |
| Slc38a1 | Solute Carrier Family 38 Member 1 | An important transporter of glutamine, an intermediate in the detoxification of ammonia and the production of urea | Naïve versus GWI, p < 0.05; Naïve versus MSL40, MSL80 or MSL160, p > 0.05. |
| Txn1 | Thioredoxin | Participates in various redox reactions through the reversible oxidation of its active center dithiol to a disulfide and catalyzes dithiol- disulfide exchange reactions | Naïve versus GWI, p < 0.05; Naïve versus MSL40, MSL80 or MSL160, p > 0.05. |
| Txnip | Thioredoxin Interacting Protein | Act as an oxidative stress mediator by inhibiting thioredoxin activity or by limiting its bioavailability | Naïve versus GWI, p < 0.05; Naïve versus MSL40, MSL80 or MSL160, p > 0.05. |
| Txnrd1 | Thioredoxin Reductase 1 | Reduces thioredoxins as well as other substrates, and plays a role in selenium metabolism and protection against oxidative stress. | Naïve versus GWI, p < 0.05; Naïve versus MSL40, MSL80 or MSL160, p > 0.05. |
| Txnrd2 | Thioredoxin Reductase 2 | Maintains thioredoxins in a reduced state, and thereby plays a key role in regulating the cellular redox environment. | Naïve versus GWI, p < 0.05; Naïve versus MSL40, MSL80 or MSL160, p > 0.05. |
| Ucp2 | Uncoupling Protein 2 | Facilitates the transfer of anions from the inner to the outer mitochondrial membrane and the return transfer of protons from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane | Naïve versus GWI, p < 0.01; Naïve versus MSL40, MSL80 or MSL160, p > 0.05. |
The function of various genes mentioned above was obtained from GeneCards (human gene database at: http://www.genecards.org), National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene)and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM at: http://www.omim.org).