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. 2019 Dec 2;9:18096. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54440-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Bioengineering and characterization of IAS BioSphincters: (A) Bioengineered IAS BioSphincter. (B) Viability assay (n = 3); (C) Proliferation Assay (n = 3); (D) mRNA expression of different proteins at day 1 and 10; Physiological functional analysis exhibited; (E) generation of basal tone (black) following rapid contraction response to treatment with 60 mM potassium chloride (orange), which was maintained for 6 min and returned to baseline; (F) Rapid contractile response to 40 µM acetylcholine (black) treatment which partially diminished on pre-treatment of TTX (40 µM) in red; (G) Electrical field stimulation caused relaxation (blue) for 20 min, which was partially improved on pre-treatment of nNOS inhibitor (green) and completely attenuated on pre-treatment of TTX (40 µM); (H) summarized expression of physiological response exhibited by all the BioSphincters (n = 6) prior to implantation. This graph expressed the mean and standard error (n = 6) independent samples per group (p > 0.05); Line graphs show representative tracings to portray the trend of each treatment. Scale bar 5 mm in image A.